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Article
Publication date: 1 January 1986

J.I. Steinberg, S.J. Horowitz and R.J. Bacher

Modern complex integrated circuits require more input/output connections and operate at faster switching speeds and higher power levels than was the case before LSI and VLSI…

Abstract

Modern complex integrated circuits require more input/output connections and operate at faster switching speeds and higher power levels than was the case before LSI and VLSI devices. As a result, there is a need for packages with high electrical conductivity, low dielectric constant, high thermal conductivity, precise line resolution and low unit cost. Ideally, it should also be possible to include resistors and for the package to be manufactured in‐house for maximum control. Multilayer printed circuit boards, complex multilayer hybrid circuits and high temperature co‐fired ceramic packages have been used to accomplish the interconnection of complex ICs. A new technology has been developed which combines the benefits of thick film with the processing advantages of co‐fired ceramic. The thick film process begins with a bare substrate, usually 96% alumina, upon which gold, silver alloy or copper metallisation, and screen‐printable dielectric paste are applied. Processing is a series of printing and firing operations; the firing temperature is usually between 800°C and 1000°C. Interconnecting vias are typically formed by screen printing and are usually a minimum of 250 ?m (10 mil) in diameter. The high temperature co‐fired approach uses no substrate. Printing of tungsten, molybdenum or molymanganese metallisation is carried out on alumina tape dielectric. The vias are formed by mechanical punching and are typically a minimum of 200 ?m (8 mil) in diameter. A single firing is performed in a special atmosphere, usually at 1500°C. This paper describes a new materials system which consists of a tape dielectric and gold, silver and silver/palladium inner layer and via fill conductor compositions. Circuits and packages made with the system are fired in an air atmosphere in standard thick film furnaces and are compatible with other conventional thick film materials. The process for making these parts is described and critical process parameters are identified. The results of reliability testing under temperature, humidity and bias are discussed and supporting microstructural analysis is presented.

Details

Microelectronics International, vol. 3 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1356-5362

Article
Publication date: 1 April 1985

Marc Monneraye, Panizza, Brian Waterfield, John Knowles and P.L. Bainbridge

A month or so after the Stresa meeting, the French ISHM chapter, organising a session on ‘Gallic inks’ (!), summoned me to deliver some comments on the 5th European Hybrid…

Abstract

A month or so after the Stresa meeting, the French ISHM chapter, organising a session on ‘Gallic inks’ (!), summoned me to deliver some comments on the 5th European Hybrid Microelectronics Conference. Although it was only a matter of interlude during this technical session, I felt the task quite a difficult one. It became a hazardous project when Brian C. Waterfield kindly asked me to let what is in fact a personal opinion—my personal opinion, standing back from my daily work—appear in Hybrid Circuits. I'll do my best.

Details

Microelectronics International, vol. 2 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1356-5362

Article
Publication date: 1 January 1988

G. Menozzi

This paper addresses three main technologies of large scale interconnects that have been evaluated at the Microelectronics Department of Crouzet Aerospace for chip and wire or…

Abstract

This paper addresses three main technologies of large scale interconnects that have been evaluated at the Microelectronics Department of Crouzet Aerospace for chip and wire or LCCCs (Leadless Ceramic Chip Carriers). The P/I (Packaging and Interconnect) structures that will be discussed are either ceramic multilayer with MLTF multilayer thick film, and CMC (Cofired Multilayer Ceramic) or advanced PWBs. The paper will present the R&D that has been carried out on MLTF and advanced PWBs and the evaluation programme now in progress for CMC. Test results are given, technology status and next generation interconnects are described and some aerospace applications are presented.

Details

Microelectronics International, vol. 5 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1356-5362

Article
Publication date: 1 December 2002

Chris Stagg, John Saunders and Veronica Wong

Past research into new product screening criteria have largely centered on industrial new products. This study investigates the criteria that managers use for screening and…

1793

Abstract

Past research into new product screening criteria have largely centered on industrial new products. This study investigates the criteria that managers use for screening and evaluating new grocery products or brands. Theory suggests that the branding, promotional, and trade needs of grocery brands mean that screening criteria for grocery product development will differ from those applied to industrial goods. Our methodology departs from earlier research in gathering information on the accept/reject criteria during new product development rather than examining the reasons for success and failure after launch. The results endorse many findings from the extant literature on new product development. However, we highlight a set of factors that new product managers regard as important to the go/no‐go decision in new grocery product or brand development that differs significantly from previous studies. From a research perspective, our study findings make an important contribution to the field by developing measurement scales for addressing NPD in the grocery sector.

Details

Journal of Product & Brand Management, vol. 11 no. 7
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1061-0421

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 January 1990

M. Tudanca, R. Gonzalez and N. Ortega

The new Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic process combines the advantages of thick film standard and cofired ceramic technologies for the implementation of high interconnection…

Abstract

The new Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic process combines the advantages of thick film standard and cofired ceramic technologies for the implementation of high interconnection density hybrid circuits, at a reasonable cost. Due to the wide diversity of devices required in the telecommunications field, it is important to have for drilling and scribing a system capable of being easily integrated onto a LAN, in order to reduce the machine preparation time, using all the information already existing in CAD. As laser systems are standard in thick film production, the investments involved to implement a new technology are minimised. This paper describes the use of laser technology for drilling green ceramic to achieve interconnection paths between different levels, manufacturing of screen mask (via metallisation), and scribing of substrates already synthesised. A preliminary characterisation of Telettra's technology follows.

Details

Microelectronics International, vol. 7 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1356-5362

Article
Publication date: 12 October 2017

Duc Giang Nguyen

Poison pill adoption is often considered as the most effective tactic to fend off an unsolicited takeover bid. However, it is difficult to identify the deterrent effect because…

Abstract

Purpose

Poison pill adoption is often considered as the most effective tactic to fend off an unsolicited takeover bid. However, it is difficult to identify the deterrent effect because the adoption is naturally endogenous. The purpose of this paper is to use plausibly exogenous instruments to mitigate the endogeneity problem.

Design/methodology/approach

The author employs two econometric models: the linear probability model and the bivariate probit model to examine the effect of poison pills on the outcome of a takeover.

Findings

Using a sample of 655 unsolicited takeovers, the author finds that poison pills substantially reduce the likelihood that a takeover bid, once undesirably placed, is completed. This negative impact strongly supports the manager entrenchment hypothesis in that managers adopt poison pills to ensure the continuation of their private benefits. However, the author finds no strong evidence consistent with the shareholder interest hypothesis that poison pills enhance the management’s ability to negotiate higher premiums or reject inadequate offers.

Research limitations/implications

The demise of the market for unsolicited takeovers with the disappearance of poison pills can be explained by the fact that poison pills, if adopted, will have an absolute deterrent effect on the takeover likelihood of success, and targets always have the power to adopt them instantly.

Practical implications

There should be policies to limit the power of managers to adopt poison pills because it causes the entrenchment problem which will negatively affect the firm value.

Originality/value

The author tackles the problem of the endogeneity of poison pill adoptions. The author shows that poison pills have a strong negative effect on the takeover outcome and the result can explain the decreasing number of unsolicited takeovers.

Details

International Journal of Managerial Finance, vol. 14 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1743-9132

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 9 September 2014

Tony Chalcraft

57

Abstract

Details

Reference Reviews, vol. 28 no. 7
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0950-4125

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 26 November 2020

Mostafa Esmaeili and Asghar Afshari

This study aims to numerically investigate the flow features and mixing/combustion efficiencies in a turbulent reacting jet in cross-flow by a hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian…

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to numerically investigate the flow features and mixing/combustion efficiencies in a turbulent reacting jet in cross-flow by a hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian methodology.

Design/methodology/approach

A high-order hybrid solver is employed where, the velocity field is obtained by solving the Eulerian filtered compressible transport equations while the species are simulated by using the filtered mass density function (FMDF) method.

Findings

The main features of a reacting JICF flame are reproduced by the large-eddy simulation (LES)/FMDF method. The computed mean and root-mean-square values of velocity and mean temperature field are in good agreement with experimental data. Reacting JICF’s with different momentum ratios are considered. The jet penetrates deeper for higher momentum ratios. Mixing and combustion efficiency are improved by increasing the momentum ratio.

Originality/value

The authors investigate the flow and combustion characteristics in subsonic reacting JICFs for which very limited studies are reported in the literature.

Details

International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, vol. 31 no. 7
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0961-5539

Keywords

Book part
Publication date: 21 November 2016

Corinna Laube and Wouter van den Bos

Teenagers are typically described as impulsive and risk taking. Yet recent research shows that this observation does not hold in all contexts. Rather, adolescents show higher…

Abstract

Teenagers are typically described as impulsive and risk taking. Yet recent research shows that this observation does not hold in all contexts. Rather, adolescents show higher impulsivity and risk taking than children or adults in affective contexts. Motivational and affective processes are therefore of particular interest when trying to understand typical adolescent behavior. Additionally, pubertal hormones are hypothesized to play a special role in adolescents’ motivated decision making. However, evidence for the mechanisms underlying this relationship is sparse. In this chapter, we aim to integrate findings from human and animal studies in order to elucidate the specific impact of pubertal hormones on motivational processes in adolescence. Against this background, we critically discuss and reinterpret recent findings in psychology and neuroscience, speculate about underlying mechanisms, and suggest new approaches for future studies of adolescent behavior.

Details

Recent Developments in Neuroscience Research on Human Motivation
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78635-474-7

Keywords

Book part
Publication date: 2 August 2021

Marquita Kilgore-Nolan

The overall objective of this research was to elucidate the ecosystem of women’s health social enterprises (WHSEs) based in the United States. The Aim I was to conduct a secondary…

Abstract

The overall objective of this research was to elucidate the ecosystem of women’s health social enterprises (WHSEs) based in the United States. The Aim I was to conduct a secondary data analysis of a random national sample of non-profit WHSEs based in the United States regarding their characteristics and areas of intervention. Aim II was to conduct a qualitative assessment of a sample of WHSEs based in the United States regarding their perspectives on the ecosystem of WHSEs. Aim I utilized the GuideStar database and assessed enterprise size, geographic location, financial distress, health intervention area, and health activity category using descriptive statistics, statistical tests, and multivariable regression analysis via SPSS. Aim II utilized in-depth interviewing and grounded theory analysis via MAXQDA 2018 to identify novel themes and core categories while using an established framework for mapping social enterprise ecosystems as a scaffold.

Aim I findings suggest that WHSE activity is more predominant in the south region of the United States but not geographically concentrated around cities previously identified as social enterprise hubs. WHSEs take a comprehensive approach to women’s health, often simultaneously focusing on multiple areas of health interventions. Although most WHSEs demonstrate a risk for financial distress, very few exhibited severe risk. Risk for financial distress was not significantly associated with any of the measured enterprise characteristics. Aim II generated four core categories of findings that describe the ecosystem of WHSE: (1) comprehensive, community-based, and culturally adaptive care; (2) interdependent innovation in systems, finances, and communication; (3) interdisciplinary, cross-enterprise collaboration; and (4) women’s health as the foundation for family and population health. These findings are consistent with the three-failures theory for non-profit organizations, particularly that WHSEs address government failure by focusing on the unmet women’s health needs of the underserved populations (in contrast to the supply of services supported by the median voter) and address the market failure of over exclusion through strategies such as cross-subsidization and price discrimination. While WHSEs operate with levels of financial risk and are subject to the voluntary sector failure of philanthropic insufficiency, the data also show that they act to remediate other threats of voluntary failure.

Aim I findings highlight the importance of understanding financial performance of WHSEs. Also, lack of significant associations between our assessed enterprise characteristics and their financial risk suggests need for additional research to identify factors that influence financial performance of WHSE. Aim II findings show that WHSEs are currently engaged in complex care coordination and comprehensive biopsychosocial care for women and their families, suggesting that these enterprises may serve as a model for improving women’s health and health care. The community-oriented and interdisciplinary nature of WHSE as highlighted by our study may also serve as a unique approach for research and education purposes. Additional research on the ecosystem of WHSE is needed in order to better inform generalizability of our findings and to elucidate how WHSE interventions may be integrated into policies and practices to improve women’s health.

Details

Entrepreneurship for Social Change
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-80071-211-9

Keywords

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