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Large structures (e.g. plane, bridge, etc.) often include several hundreds of assembly points. Structural computations often use over-simplistic approximations for these points; among others, they do not take into account the thermo-mechanical history due to the assembling process. Running computations with each assembly point modelled completely would require too much time to achieve a simulation. There is thus a need to create equivalent elements for assembly points in order to: take into account the mechanical state of the assembly point in the design stage – while reducing the computational time cost at the same time. This paper aims to discuss these issues.

This paper introduces an innovative strategy based on a coupling procedure between a finite element tool for modelling the assembly process in order to access to the mechanical state of the assembly point and an optimisation algorithm, in order to identify the equivalent element parameters.

The strategy has proven to be successful. A connector model easier to use and much faster than the complete model, has been obtained. Results obtained with this element are in good agreement with experimental tests in the case of multipoint assemblies and with the simulation results of the complete numerical model. Finally the connector model appears to be easier to use and much faster than the complete model, more difficult to model properly.

The main innovative aspects of this strategy lie in the fact that the creation of this equivalent element is based on a complete numerical approach. The thermo-mechanical history due to the assembly process is considered – the element parameters are identified thanks to an evolution strategy based on the coupling between a finite element model and a zero-order minimisation algorithm.

This article describes a method for mesh generation, suitable for applications of the finite‐element method, which proceeds fully automatically from a geometric model of the object provided by a CAD‐system. It first generates a coarse mesh which is then adapted to fit the finite‐element problem. A resulting system of equations can be solved by a Gaussian‐type matrix method with as few computations as are necessary for a well‐banded matrix, but without the need for node or element numbering.

Of particular interest is the ability of the extended finite element method (XFEM) to capture transient solution and motion of phase boundaries without adaptive remeshing or moving-mesh algorithms for a physically nonlinear phase change problem. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

The XFEM is applied to solve nonlinear transient problems with a phase change. Thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity are assumed to be dependent on temperature. The nonlinearities in the governing equations make it necessary to employ an effective iterative approach to solve the problem. The Newton-Raphson method is used and the incremental discrete XFEM equations are derived.

The robustness and utility of the method are demonstrated on several one-dimensional benchmark problems.

The novel procedure based on the XFEM is developed to solve physically nonlinear phase change problems.

The purpose of this paper is to carry out a finite element simulation of a physically non-linear phase change problem in a two-dimensional space without adaptive remeshing or moving-mesh algorithms. The extended finite element method (XFEM) and the level set method (LSM) were used to capture the transient solution and motion of phase boundaries. It was crucial to consider the effects of unequal densities of the solid and liquid phases and the flow in the liquid region.

The XFEM and the LSM are applied to solve non-linear transient problems with a phase change in a two-dimensional space. The model assumes thermo-dependent properties of the material and unequal densities of the phases; it also allows for convection in the liquid phase. A non-linear system of equations is derived and a numerical solution is proposed. The Newton-Raphson method is used to solve the problem and the LSM is applied to track the interface.

The robustness and utility of the method are demonstrated on several two-dimensional benchmark problems.

The novel procedure based on the XFEM and the LSM was developed to solve physically non-linear phase change problems with unequal densities of phases in a two-dimensional space.

The purpose of this paper is to review recent advances in wire bonding of low‐k devices.

Dozens of journal and conference articles published in 2005‐2008 are reviewed.

The paper finds that many articles have discussed and analysed problems/challenges such as bond pad metal peeling/lift, non‐sticking on pad, decreased bonding strength and lower wire‐bond assembly yield. The paper discusses the articles' solutions to the problems and recent findings/developments in wire bonding of low‐k devices.

Because of the page limitation, only brief discussions are given in this paper. Further reading is needed for more details.

The paper attempts to provide an introduction to recent developments and the trends in wire bonding of low‐k devices. With the references provided, readers may explore more deeply by reading the original articles.

The purpose of this paper is to address the formulation, implementation, and adaptation of closely coupled multi‐physics problems with h‐ and p‐adaptive finite element methods. A general formulation is chosen allowing for coupled problems of various types. Adaptation algorithms for h‐ and p‐refinement are given.

A generic system of second‐order differential equations is used, where the field of each individual problem is represented as an entry in the list of field variables. Specific problems are implemented by mapping material coefficients to the coefficients of the generic form. An example with four natures is investigated with close coupling between electric, mechanical and thermal fields. h‐ and p‐refinement using a single mesh is considered, where the element order may differ for individual fields.

In coupled problems, the error in each single field is affected by approximation properties of all other field quantities. In order to allow for optimal convergence order in the number of degrees of freedom, the error contributions of all fields have to be considered. Separate error estimation in each field is needed especially in h‐adaptation on a single mesh. Energy coupling coefficients were introduced to derive an adaptation criterion. Convergence analysis of h‐ and p‐adaptation proves the feasibility of the approach.

Piezopyroelectricity considers thermal effects in high‐frequency piezoelectric materials, which is a coupled problem of four natures. The paper introduces an adaptation criterion for such complicated coupled problems and proves feasibility.

The purpose of this paper is to give a brief introduction of helical spring locked washer along with extensive literatures survey on role of helical spring locked washer in bolted joint analysis. It is very small component of bolted joint assembly, but it play vital role in holding the assembly components together. Helical shape of it produces spring effect in the assembly which is used for keeping the assembly in tension and that is lock the assembly under dynamic loading due to vibrations to avoid the accident.

The critical literatures survey identifies role of helical spring locked washer in different areas such as design optimization, mechanism of loosening-resistant components, bolted joint analysis, finite element-based modeling, analysis and simulation. The related literatures show contribution of helical spring washers in evaluation of anti-loosening performance of assemblies as compare to other types of washers.

It proposed that design optimization of helical spring locked washer is needed as it improves the performance in the form of load-deflection characteristics, load bearing capacity and provides the best locking force for optimize functionality.

The originality or value of this paper is to finding research gaps in literatures by dividing literatures into seven different research areas and concentrating the only on role of helical spring locked washer in bolted joint analysis.

This paper aims to develop a novel algorithm and apply it to solve two-dimensional linear partial differential equations (PDEs). The proposed method is based on Chebyshev neural network and extreme learning machine (ELM) called Chebyshev extreme learning machine (Ch-ELM) method.

The network used in the proposed method is a single hidden layer feedforward neural network. The Kronecker product of two Chebyshev polynomials is used as basis function. The weights from the input layer to the hidden layer are fixed value 1. The weights from the hidden layer to the output layer can be obtained by using ELM algorithm to solve the linear equations established by PDEs and its definite conditions.

To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, two-dimensional linear PDEs are selected and its numerical solutions are obtained by using the proposed method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by comparing with the analytical solutions, and its superiority is illustrated by comparing with other existing algorithms.

Ch-ELM algorithm for solving two-dimensional linear PDEs is proposed. The algorithm has fast execution speed and high numerical accuracy.

The purpose of this paper is to review recent advances in fine and ultra‐fine pitch wire bonding.

Dozens of journal and conference articles published recently are reviewed.

The problems/challenges such as possible wire sweep and decreased bonding strength due to small wire sizes, non‐sticking, metal pad peeling, narrow process windows, wire open and short tail defects are analysed. The solutions to the problems and recent findings/developments in fine and ultra‐fine pitch wire bonding are discussed.

Because of the page limitation, only brief discussions are given in this paper. Further reading is needed for more details.

This paper attempts to provide an introduction to recent developments and the trends in fine and ultra‐fine pitch wire bonding. With the references provided, readers may explore more deeply by reading the original articles.

This paper attempts to review recent advances in wire bonding using copper wire.

Dozens of journal and conference articles published recently are reviewed.

The problems/challenges such as wire open and short tail defects, poor bondability for stitch/wedge bonds, oxidation of Cu wire, strain‐hardening effects, and stiff wire on weak support structures are briefly analysed. The solutions to the problems and recent findings/developments in wire bonding using copper wire are discussed.

Because of page limitation of the paper, only a brief review is conducted. Further reading is needed for more details.

This paper attempts to provide introduction to recent developments and the trends in wire bonding using copper wire. With the references provided, readers may explore more deeply by reading the original articles.