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Article
Publication date: 1 February 1988

John Creedy and Keith Whitfield

Introduction The literature on earnings change has increasingly suggested that the key processes generating earnings inequality are those operating within the firm. However, there…

Abstract

Introduction The literature on earnings change has increasingly suggested that the key processes generating earnings inequality are those operating within the firm. However, there has been little empirical work on these phenomena, largely reflecting data deficiencies. Very few data‐sets on earnings contain information about internal processes and those which do often measure them narrowly. For example, most surveys of labour mobility define it either as movement between firms or as such movement plus major, once‐and‐for‐all changes of work type.

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International Journal of Manpower, vol. 9 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0143-7720

Article
Publication date: 1 April 1992

John Creedy and Patrick Francois

Examines, using a simple model, the choice of appropriatecontributions of taxes and fees used to finance higher education. Atwo‐period model is developed in which individuals in…

Abstract

Examines, using a simple model, the choice of appropriate contributions of taxes and fees used to finance higher education. A two‐period model is developed in which individuals in cohort invest in higher education in the first period, and the interdependences between educational choice and the tax system are considered. The implications of majority voting and the maximization of a social welfare function, allowing for a trade‐off between equity and efficiency, are examined in progressive and proportional tax systems.

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Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 19 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0144-3585

Keywords

Abstract

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Handbook of Microsimulation Modelling
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78350-570-8

Article
Publication date: 1 June 1990

John Creedy

This article examines income tax progression as a mechanism forachieving the intertemporal adjustments of earnings profiles. With arising income profile, the preference for…

Abstract

This article examines income tax progression as a mechanism for achieving the intertemporal adjustments of earnings profiles. With a rising income profile, the preference for progression arises from the market (borrowing) rate of interest exceeding the rate at which the government borrows. For a given tax burden, each individual is found to prefer a marginal tax rate of unity, with the threshold set as high as possible. With a common tax structure, the conditions under which all individuals prefer progression is examined.

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Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 17 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0144-3585

Keywords

Book part
Publication date: 15 December 2004

John Creedy

Tax microsimulation models are based on large-scale cross-sectional survey data. Each individual or household has a sample weight provided by the statistical agency responsible…

Abstract

Tax microsimulation models are based on large-scale cross-sectional survey data. Each individual or household has a sample weight provided by the statistical agency responsible for collecting the data. The typical starting point is to use weights that are inversely related to the probability of selecting the individual in a random sample, with some adjustment for non-response. It has become common for agencies, using “minimal” adjustments, to produce revised weights to ensure that, for example, the estimated population age/gender distributions match population totals obtained from other sources, in particular census data. Such calibration methods appear to be well known among survey statisticians, a highly influential paper being that by Deville and Särndal (1992).2

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Studies on Economic Well-Being: Essays in the Honor of John P. Formby
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-0-76231-136-1

Book part
Publication date: 17 June 2020

Amrit Thapa, Jinusha Panigrahi and Iris BenDavid-Hadar

Does education affect economic outcomes, and if so, how? Does education finance interact with public policy? And how does education finance policy contribute to the development of…

Abstract

Does education affect economic outcomes, and if so, how? Does education finance interact with public policy? And how does education finance policy contribute to the development of a new strategic planning for the next generation, if at all? This chapter reviews recent conceptual and methodological developments in the field of economics and finance of education. The review covers these two major topics and is divided into three sections. First is an overview of the field, including current trends in economics of education in both developed and developing countries. This section incorporates themes such as returns to investment in education, costs of education, education and economic growth, and education market, choice, and incentives. The second section focuses on finance of education and current debates on equality, equity, and efficiency in educational finances. The third section presents summary and discussion. The discussion will bring to light the issues, challenges, opportunities, and future directions of the field. Where appropriate, examples and empirical evidence from both developing and developed countries are presented.

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Annual Review of Comparative and International Education 2019
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-83867-724-4

Keywords

Book part
Publication date: 15 December 2004

Joseph Deutsch, Jacques Silber and Ben-Zion Zilberfarb

This paper has two goals. First it determines the respective impacts of variations in the tax rates and in the distribution of pre-tax incomes on changes in tax progressivity in…

Abstract

This paper has two goals. First it determines the respective impacts of variations in the tax rates and in the distribution of pre-tax incomes on changes in tax progressivity in the United Kingdom during the period 1960–2001. Second it checks whether macroeconomic variables or the political cycle influenced the degree of tax progressivity. The results of the empirical analysis show that the significant decrease in tax progressivity observed between 1960 and 1982 was essentially the result of a variation in the distribution of pre-tax incomes. During the later period (1982–2001) the data indicate that there was no significant change in overall progressivity and in the components of its change. The second part of this study indicates that in the long run both inflation and unemployment negatively affect tax progressivity. The impact of the political cycle on tax progressivity is not clear and the results depend on the tax progressivity index that is used. It is interesting to note that in the cases where a political effect is found it indicates that under the Labour party, tax progressivity increased, for a given level of inflation and unemployment. The econometric analysis also shows that in the short run, only unemployment has a significant effect on tax progressivity.

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Studies on Economic Well-Being: Essays in the Honor of John P. Formby
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-0-76231-136-1

Book part
Publication date: 14 July 2006

Justin van de Ven

The last 60 years have seen Australia and the United Kingdom diverge, both socially and economically. This paper considers how the widening social gap between the two countries is…

Abstract

The last 60 years have seen Australia and the United Kingdom diverge, both socially and economically. This paper considers how the widening social gap between the two countries is reflected by their respective redistributive systems. The analysis is based upon two microsimulation procedures – one static and the other dynamic – both of which are used to consider the probable distributional effects that would arise if elements of the Australian and UK tax and benefits systems were exchanged. The static microsimulation analysis presented suggests that comparisons based purely upon cross-sectional survey data are affected by population heterogeneity, which tend to overstate the redistributive effect of the Australian transfer system relative to the UK. Nevertheless, the dynamic microsimulations suggest that, on balance, the Australian transfer system is more redistributive than the UK system, and reflects a greater concern for redistribution between households. The UK system, in contrast, reflects a greater concern for redistribution through the life course.

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Dynamics of Inequality and Poverty
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-0-76231-350-1

Book part
Publication date: 14 July 2006

Duangkamon Chotikapanich and William E. Griffiths

Hypothesis tests for dominance in income distributions has received considerable attention in recent literature. See, for example, Barrett and Donald (2003a, b), Davidson and…

Abstract

Hypothesis tests for dominance in income distributions has received considerable attention in recent literature. See, for example, Barrett and Donald (2003a, b), Davidson and Duclos (2000) and references therein. Such tests are useful for assessing progress towards eliminating poverty and for evaluating the effectiveness of various policy initiatives directed towards welfare improvement. To date the focus in the literature has been on sampling theory tests. Such tests can be set up in various ways, with dominance as the null or alternative hypothesis, and with dominance in either direction (X dominates Y or Y dominates X). The result of a test is expressed as rejection of, or failure to reject, a null hypothesis. In this paper, we develop and apply Bayesian methods of inference to problems of Lorenz and stochastic dominance. The result from a comparison of two income distributions is reported in terms of the posterior probabilities for each of the three possible outcomes: (a) X dominates Y, (b) Y dominates X, and (c) neither X nor Y is dominant. Reporting results about uncertain outcomes in terms of probabilities has the advantage of being more informative than a simple reject/do-not-reject outcome. Whether a probability is sufficiently high or low for a policy maker to take a particular action is then a decision for that policy maker.

The methodology is applied to data for Canada from the Family Expenditure Survey for the years 1978 and 1986. We assess the likelihood of dominance from one time period to the next. Two alternative assumptions are made about the income distributions – Dagum and Singh-Maddala – and in each case the posterior probability of dominance is given by the proportion of times a relevant parameter inequality is satisfied by the posterior observations generated by Markov chain Monte Carlo.

Details

Dynamics of Inequality and Poverty
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-0-76231-350-1

Abstract

Details

Handbook of Microsimulation Modelling
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78350-570-8

21 – 30 of 211