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The past two decades of economic activity in the U.S. have been characterized by both high inflation and interest rates in comparison to previous periods of stability. The importance of these two variables to our economic welfare and to the effectiveness of economic policy have led to renewed interest in the Fisher Effect. This is the hypothesis put forth by Irving Fisher describing the relationship between these two variables. It usually takes the form R = re + pe + repe (1) in which R is the nominal rate of interest, re is the expected real rate of interest, and pe is the expected rate of change of prices. The term repe is usually considered insignificant and is dropped, giving R = re + pe. (2) Although this equation can be readily quantified on an ex post basis using actual rather than expected values, the fact that expectation of r and p are not directly observable have always made it difficult to derive an ex ante measure of the real rate.

Banking and finance during the past several decades have become “re‐internationalized,” not simply “internationalized.” This becomes clear when we compare the institutional features of banking and finance today with those in the early part of this century, the last period in which both had a substantial international dimension. It is further apparent in historical data that are analyzed in the paper: cross‐country spreads between real interest rates over the long period 1835 to 1990, and figures for gross foreign assets available for a number of major countries at key points in time from 1885 to 1994. The paper concludes by discussing the factors responsible for the changes that have occurred in banking and finance during the past several decades.

The meaning of money supply in an arrow sense is currency and demand deposits. In Oman, it has increased very slowly till 1970 and then started to increase broadly till now. This increment is due to the development of the oil exports, so that the share of its currency becomes more than 50% of its money supply in the narrows sense during the period 1973‐2000. But this percentage started decreasing since 2001 compared with demand deposits. The econometric analysis concluded that there is a ppositive relationship between money supply and such independent variables as gross domestic production, government deficit, international reserves and oil export. It was also concluded that there is a positive relationship between money supply in the wide sense and oil export. The monetary indicators showed that the net domestic credit allowed to the private sector and the net foreign assets of the banking system are the main factors that positively affect money supply. It was also noted that the quasi money such as time deposits, saving deposits, capital account and reserve account has negatively affected money supply during the period 1974‐2003.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss how reproductivity (child‐rearing) fits into ethics. It aims to use objectivist ethics (OE) specifically as the framework for considering this.

The approach is conceptual in nature. Economic concepts are used to analyze and extend an ethical issue and the cardinal values within OE, which includes productive purpose, are reviewed.

The paper argues that reproductivity is sufficiently different from productivity to be a separate category. Then using the trader principle, the objectivist case for inheritance, and capital theory, the case is made that reproductivity is required of each person in the same sense that productivity is.

This is an original argument made by the author in Then Athena Said: Unilateral Transfers and the Transformation of Objectivist Ethics. In that work, reproductivity is linked to human capital replacement, depreciation, the sinking fund, and Irving Fisher's conception of standard income. This paper also relates it to permanent income. Also, the conclusions are more inclusive than those in the previous work in that other forms that the replacement of human capital can take in addition to reproduction are considered.

At present, countries are concerned about inflation and the impact of inflation on each country’s economic growth. This inflation has been said by economists that inflation is a phenomenon of currency and currency, which has caused inflation in some countries by their monetary policy. According to the economic theory of Karl Marx, Irving Fisher, Friedman, inflation is caused by a continuous increase in the money supply.

The economic theories of Fisher, Friedman and an econometric model are applied to analyse the relationship between money supply and inflation. Besides, Vietnam’s and China’s research data are also collected in the period of 2012-2016.

It is found out that the continuous increase in the money supply causes inflation in the long-term, but the continuous increase in the money supply growth does not cause inflation in a short time, this was analyzed based on the theory of monetary quantity. Moreover, Chia’s and Vietnam’s correlations of the money supply growth and inflation are 99.1 per cent. These correlations are very close.

Research results show that money supply and inflation are closely related, and the money supply directly affects economic growth. Therefore, the government should have the relevant monetary policy to grow the economy and proposals to make monetary policy, control inflation levels and stimulate economic growth.

This paper examines the monetary thought of Arthur Kitson (1861‐1937) as expressed in his published works and in recently discovered answers he submitted in 1922 to a questionnaire from Thomas Edison, the US inventor.

Both original source material from the Edison Archive and published sources are used to examine the subject.

It is found that Kitson's monetary thought is more orthodox than has previously been claimed by, among others, John Maynard Keynes, and more recently in the economics literature. It is also found that Kitson was the only person to support, without qualification, Edison's plan to reform the US monetary system.

This paper casts a new light on Kitson's monetary thought, showing the influence of Irving Fisher on Kitson. The paper also presents Edison's questionnaire and Kitson's contributory thoughts on a fiat monetary standard that the questionnaire stimulated.

The lack of a satisfactory theory of personal income distribution is a problem that economists have pondered for most of the twentieth century. In 1912 Irving Fisher wrote:

Growing dissatisfaction with the record of discretionary monetary policy in the United States in the past decade has led to interest in alternative monetary arrangements to restore price level and real output stability, and to allow the economy to grow to its potential, unfettered by macro instability. Several arrangements have come to the fore. These include: (1) a return to the classical gold standard—fixing the dollar price of gold and allowing the money supply to be governed by movements in the nation's monetary gold stock; (2) the Friedman (1960) rule—constraining the monetary authorities to establish and maintain a steady and known growth rate of the fiduciary money supply; (3) Irving Fisher's (1920) compensated dollar scheme—altering the official price of gold and hence the value of the monetary gold stock to stabilize some measure of the price level.

This paper aims to investigate the presence of the Fisher effect for the USA from a new methodological perspective differing it from all previous studies using the common linear representation of the Fisher equation.

The nonlinear ARDL model, recently developed by Shin et al. (2014), is applied for the 10-year US Government bond rates over the period of 1985M1-2017M10.

The empirical findings indicate that the US Federal Reserve (FED) is a more predominant arbiter in the determination of interest rates during periods of declining inflation rates than periods of rising inflation rates. This finding may allow the FED to apply more proactive and prudent monetary policy. Additionally, this study newly describes and introduces a different version of the partial Fisher effect and extends the Fisher equation to some degree in terms of the partial Fisher effect.

To the best the authors’ knowledge, this method is applied for the first time in testing the Fisher effect for the USA.

The purpose of this study is to test the validity of Fisher effect for four South Asian and two oil‐producing countries, namely India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.

The autoregressive distributed lag‐bound testing approach is used which is capable of testing the long‐run relationship irrespective of whether the underlying series are individually I(0) or I(1).

The estimation results indicate the presence of weak form of Fisher effect in India, Pakistan, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, while the hypothesis of the existence of Fisher effect is not supported for Bangladesh and mixed results are found for Sri Lanka.

The results help monetary authorities to formulate better monetary policy, besides many other far reaching macroeconomic implications for each economy.

The use of a variety of interest rates and the use of a relatively new technique in Fisher effect is tested in developing economies.