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This study aims to evaluate the effect of grape seed extract on the thermal oxidation of soybean oil.

Four treatments were used: soybean oil (SO), butylhydroxytoluene (BHT), antioxidant at concentration of 100 mg/kg in soybean oil (BHTSO), grape seed extract at a concentration of 100 mg/kg in soybean oil (Extract), and mixture at a concentration of 50 mg/kg of grape seed extract (Mixture) and 50 mg/kg of BHT in soybean oil subjected to 180°C for 20 h. The total phenolic compounds were quantified by spectrophotometry using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the ABTS^•+, DPPH^• and FRAP acid systems. The fatty acid composition and phytosterols were determined by gas chromatography (GC) and tocopherols were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Among the treatments studied, the Extract and the Mixture presented lower losses of total phenolic compounds, DPPH^• and FRAP, while BHTSO had an opposite effect. After 10 h of heating, the Mixture and the Extract were more effective in reducing the formation decomposition products, measured by the amount of total polar compounds. The Mixture resulted in higher retention of essential fatty acids at the end of heating. The Extract and Mixture showed higher retention rates of total tocopherols and the Mixture resulted in 338.71 mg/100 g (P ≤ 0.05) of total phytosterol after 20 h of heating.

Oils undergoing the heating process suffer major changes, requiring the addition of antioxidant compounds. As a result of the questioning on the use of chemical additives, research on natural antioxidants, as substitute to the synthetic ones, is increasing. Among the natural compounds with high antioxidant potential, the grape wastes such as its seeds are highlighted. Studies using grape seed extract are scarce.

The purpose of this study was to isolate Whitemouth croaker protein by alkaline solubilization process and evaluate their nutritional quality to evaluate the bioavailability of essential amino acids.

The proximate composition, essential amino acid composition, in vitro digestibility, apparent bioavailability, chemical score of amino acids and SDS-PAGE were determined for the isolated croaker proteins.

The isolated protein showed a high level of protein 92.21 percent and low amount of lipids 0.57 percent. The protein is rich in lysine and leucine, 108.73 and 96.75 mg/g protein, respectively. The protein isolate had high digestibility, 94.32 percent, which indicates proper utilization of this protein source, while the tryptophan had lower bioavailability (12.58 mg amino acid/mg protein). The high chemical scores were found for the amino acids lysine, methionine+cysteine (6.79 and 5.14). SDS-PAGE of proteins extracted showed appearance of the heavy chain of myosin (220 kDa), actin (50 kDa) and other fractions, with molecular weight between 20 and 50 kDa, such as troponin I, C and T.

The products obtained from croaker muscle can be incorporated as a high value supplements in human diets. The isolated protein exhibited a high content of essential amino acids and digestibility, indicating that the protein has a high nutritional quality.

This study aims to assess the alignment of South Korea’s government-certified social enterprises (GCSEs) with prevailing social enterprise (SE) models, notably the entrepreneurial nonprofit, social cooperative and social business models delineated in the “Emergence of Social Enterprises in Europe” (Defourny and Nyssens, 2012, 2017a, 2017b) and the “principle of interest” frameworks (Defourny et al., 2021). Thereby, it seeks to situate these enterprises within recognized frameworks and elucidate their hybrid identities.

Analyzing panel data from 2016 to 2020 for 259 GCSEs, this study uses tslearn for k-means clustering with dynamic time warping to assess their developmental trajectories and alignment with established SE models, which echoes the approach of Defourny et al. (2021). We probe the “fluid” identities of semi-public sector SEs, integrating Gordon’s (2013) notion that they tend to blend various SE traditions as opposed to existing in isolation.

Results indicate that GCSEs do align with prevalent SE frameworks. Furthermore, they represent a spectrum of SE models, suggesting the versatility of the public sector in fostering diverse types of SEs.

The concept of a semi-public sector SE model has been relatively uncharted, even though it holds significance for research on SE typologies and public sector entrepreneurship literature. This study bridges this gap by presenting empirical evidence of semi-public SEs and delineating the potential paths these enterprises might take as they amalgamate various SE traditions.