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The purpose of this research is to show the characteristics of a Cu–Ti dissimilar interface produced by a wire arc-based additive manufacturing process. The purpose of this research was to determine the viability of the Cu–Ti interface for the fabrication of functionally graded structures (FGS) using the wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process.

This paper used the WAAM process with variable current vis-à-vis heat input to demonstrate multiple Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) and C11000 dissimilar fabrications. The hardness and microstructure of the dissimilar interfaces were investigated thoroughly. The formation of Cu–Ti intermetallic at the Ti64/Cu fusion interface is been revealed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis, while X-ray diffraction was used to identify various Cu–Ti intermetallic phases. The effect of microstructure on interfacial sensitivity and hardness are also investigated.

The formation of CuTi intermetallic and the β-phase transformation in Ti-6Al-4V are found to be heat input dependent. The Cu diffusion length increases as the heat input for Ti64 deposition increases, resulting in a greater Cu–Ti intermetallic thickness. The Cu–Ti interface properties improve when the heat input is less than approximately 250 J/mm or the deposition current is less than 90 A. The microhardness ranges from 55 to 650 HV from the Cu-side to the interface and from 650 to 350 HV from the interface to the Ti-side. Higher current increases interface hardness, which increases brittleness and makes the interface more prone to interfacial cracking.

Nonlinear components are needed for a variety of extreme engineering applications, which can be met by FGS with varying microstructure, composition and properties. FGS produced using the WAAM process is a novel concept that requires further investigation. Despite numerous studies on Ti-clad Cu, information on Cu–Ti interface characteristics is lacking. Furthermore, the suitability of the WAAM process for the development of Cu–Ti FGS is unknown. As a result, the goal of this research article is to fill these gaps by providing preliminary information on the feasibility of developing Cu–Ti FGS via the WAAM process.

Drawing upon the consistency literature, the theory of visual rhetoric and social judgment of warmth and competence, this study examines the determinants and impacts of perceived interface design consistency in the context of charity websites.

To identify design factors of perceived interface design consistency, this study separates charity website interface design into two aspects: main appeal design (i.e. appeal quality) and peripheral design (i.e. image type). The authors designed a two (appeal quality: low vs high) × three (image type: control vs adults vs children) controlled lab experiment to investigate the effects of various interface choices. A total of 217 subjects participated in the experiment. The authors used structural equation model (SEM) analysis and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to test the research hypotheses.

This study found that appeal quality and human images increase perceived interface design consistency. The authors also found that the relationship between appeal quality and perceived interface design consistency is moderated by image type. Finally, the authors showed that perceived interface design consistency increases perceived warmth and competence of charity websites, which in turn affect intention to use the website for donations.

The authors’ findings provide novel insights for theory on consistency and interface design and practical implications for charity website designers by identifying determinants and consequences of perceived interface design consistency.

Solder bumps for chip interconnections are downsizing from current approximately 100 µm to the expected 1 µm in future. As a result, the Cu-Ni cross-interaction in Cu/Solder/Ni solder joints will be more complicated and then strongly influence the growth of the intermetallic compounds (IMCs). Thus, it is critical to understand the fundamental aspects of interfacial reaction in micro solder joints. This paper aims to reveal the effect mechanism of reflow temperature and solder size on the interfacial reaction in Cu/Solder/Ni solder joints.

The Cu-Ni cross-interaction in the Cu/Sn/Ni micro solder joints with 50 and 100 µm solder sizes at 250°C and 300°C were observed, respectively. The line-type interconnects were soaked in silicone oil, and the temperature of the line-type interconnects was 250 ± 3°C and 300 ± 3°C, which were monitored by a fine K-type thermocouple, and followed by an isothermal aging process at various times. After aging, the specimens were removed from the silicone oil and cooled in the air to room temperature.

The major interfacial reaction product on both interfaces was (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅, and the asymmetric growth of (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅, evidenced by the thickness of (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ IMCs at the Sn/Ni interface was always larger than that at the Sn/Cu interface, resulted from the directional migration of Cu atoms toward the Sn/Ni interface under Cu concentration gradient. The morphology of (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ IMC at Sn/Cu interface was columnlike at 250°C, and which changed from columnlike to scallop with large aspect ratio at 300°C, while that at Sn/Ni interface gradually evolved from needlelike to the mixture of needlelike and layered at 250°C, and which evolved from needlelike to scallop with large aspect ratio at 300°C. The evolution of morphology of (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ is attributed to the content of Ni. Furthermore, the results indicate that the Cu-Ni cross-interaction was stronger with small solder size and relatively low temperature in the Cu/Sn/Ni micro solder joints.

The asymmetric growth of (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ in the Cu/Sn/Ni micro solder joints, evidenced by the thickness of (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ IMCs at the Sn/Ni interface, was always larger than that at the Sn/Cu interface. The morphology evolution of (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ IMC at both interfaces was attributed to the content of Ni. The Cu-Ni cross-interaction was stronger with small solder size and relatively low temperature in the Cu/Sn/Ni micro solder joints.

Academic libraries have long desired one‐stop shopping for their customers and, in this electronic age, their customers are demanding it: a way to search from a single point at any physical location, and retrieve information from the library catalog, citations from journal indexes, and full text information from electronic resources. Academic libraries have explored ways to provide this access, as have library vendors of electronic databases, indexes, and integrated online library systems. The various components for a universal common user interface are in use and available, but have yet to be combined into a single system interface, adaptable enough to include any electronic resource, yet still powerful and versatile enough to provide a powerful and expert search engine. This article discusses the integrated facets as well as the system components that should be built into the ideal electronic library interface, taking into account the information needs of everyone from the newest freshman to the most erudite scholar and their expectations with regard to access, functionality and personalization.

This study aims to investigate the effect of MoS2 powder on tribological properties of sliding interfaces.

Loose MoS2 powder was introduced in the gap of point-contact friction pairs, and sliding friction test was conducted using a testing machine. Friction noise, wear mark appearance, microstructure and wear debris were characterized with a noise tester, white-light interferometer, scanning electron microscope and ferrograph, respectively. Numerical simulation was also performed to analyze the influence of MoS2 powder on tribological properties of the sliding interface.

MoS2 powder remarkably improved the lubrication performance of the sliding interface, whose friction coefficient and wear rate were reduced by one-fifth of the interface values without powder. The addition of MoS2 powder also reduced stress, plastic deformation and friction temperature in the wear mark. The sliding interface with MoS2 powder demonstrated lower friction noise and roughness compared with the interface without powder lubrication. The adherence of MoS2 powder onto the friction interface formed a friction film, which induced the wear mechanism of the sliding interface to change from serious cutting and adhesive wear to delamination and slight cutting wear under the action of normal and shear forces.

Tribological characteristics of the interface with MoS2 powder lubrication were clarified. This work provides a theoretical basis for solid-powder lubrication and reference for its application in engineering.

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-04-2020-0150/

The MacNOTIS interface development and test used the Apple Macintosh, HyperCard, and MitemView communications software to develop and test an intuitive interface to NOTIS systems. While the concept and design were viewed favorably by the users, technical and speed issues made the interface too slow for widespread use. MacNOTIS pointed the way to several interface enhancements that should be incorporated in future NOTIS user interfaces.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of product display based on colour, discount and brand on retail pleasure, arousal, flow, perceived merchandise quality, time spent, satisfaction and patronage intentions in both 3D and 2D interfaces. This study uses the flow theory and stimulus-organism-response framework to understand the effects of product coordination methods and interface dimensions on consumers’ emotional, cognitive and behavioural outcomes.

This study conducted a 2 (interface: 3D and 2D) × 3 (product coordination method: colour, discount and brand) between-subjects experimental design. The coordination of display refers to the way products are arranged based on similar properties, such as similar colour, discount or brand. 3D stores were designed using Mockshop, a 3D virtual retailing software. A total of 144 US female college students from various universities participated in the study.

The findings showed that the 3D interface produced higher flow, satisfaction, time spent and patronage intention than the 2D interface. Also, among the six display scenarios, participants who were in the colour-coordinated 3D store showed the highest levels of emotional, cognitive and behavioural outcomes except for retail pleasure and arousal.

This study investigates product display based on colour, discount and brand in both 3D and 2D interfaces. Although product coordination methods have been tested in 3D stores in previous studies, they have not been compared with their effects in the 2D interface such as online shopping sites. Therefore, this study fills in this gap in the literature, which can guide retailers in making the right decisions for visuals.

A group of researchers met in Charleston, South Carolina, USA to discuss the past and future of the marketing/entrepreneurship interface. The purpose of this paper is to summarize main discussions from the three‐day summit.

Roughly 16 hours of presentations and discussions were digitally recorded. The lead author reviewed the recordings making copious notes, which were organized into 17 themes for further analysis. Future research directions based on discussion around the most poignant themes are reported.

The paper presents nine categories of discussions around the interface including: the four research perspectives; “the future is in the past;” marketing; entrepreneurship; small business marketing; entrepreneurial marketing; practical significance; context of research; and modeling.

Throughout the nine sections, this paper highlights considerations for future research. It suggests that scholars conducting research at the interface consider the theoretical perspective of their research to improve collective theory building and better positioning. It suggests that scholars also consider the firm and industry context of their empirical research. Finally, it suggests a number of research questions.

The paper suggests that during the research design phase, scholars make efforts to consider the practical significance that will result from their research. In particular, they should consider that research in start‐ups (all businesses start somewhere) and small businesses (the vast majority of all enterprises) can have widespread impacts.

This paper provides a unique approach to conceptually organizing marketing/entrepreneurship interface research and provides an abundant source of ideas for future research.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of creating a declarative user interface language suitable for rapid prototyping of mobile and Web apps. Moreover, this paper presents a new framework for creating responsive user interfaces using JavaScript.

Very little existing research has been done in JavaScript-specific declarative user interface (UI) languages for mobile Web apps. This paper introduces a new framework, along with several case studies that create modern responsive designs programmatically.

The fully implemented prototype verifies the feasibility of a JavaScript-based declarative user interface library. This paper demonstrates that existing solutions are unwieldy and cumbersome to dynamically create and adjust nodes within a visual syntax of program code.

This paper presents the Guix.js platform, a declarative UI library for rapid development of Web-based mobile interfaces in JavaScript.

Investigates performance relationships for interfunctional process integration and specific logistics interface capabilities. The results indicate that competitive advantage is more likely to emanate from interfunctional process integration than individual function (sub) optimization. Also identifies logistics’ unique role as a boundary‐spanning interface between marketing, production, and new product development, as a potential source of competitive advantage. In terms of overall business performance, logistics followed by new product development are shown to have the greatest impact on profitability and growth. Further, logistics interface capabilities of customer service and logistics quality have the greatest independent impacts on business performance. In total these results imply that logistics, new product development, and demand‐management capabilities may provide firms with that extra competitive edge which shows up in “bottom line” performance. States that the relatively neglected areas of logistics boundary spanning and production customer service also deserve attention.