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The purpose of this paper is to explore the environment around the rail track at different sites in Nile Delta region, Egypt, through the measurements of the air pollutants and corrosive ionic species present in surface soil and also to investigate the impact of the existing contaminants on the composition of iron rust formed on the rail head surface at these sites and then the durability of rail itself.

The soil characterization was studied by means of sieve shakers, pH meter, conductivity meter and ion chromatography instrument. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the rust layer formed on the rail head surface.

The results showed the relation between the contaminants and the composition of the rust layer. Magnetite and goethite were the major phases identified in the rust layers. Akaganeite was detected in the marine atmosphere. Iron sulfide and iron oxide nitrate hydroxide were detected in environments rich in H₂S and NO₂ gases, respectively. The appearance of phases like FeCl₂ and FeOCl only at marine atmospheres reflects that the corrosive species in suspended particulate matter like chloride ion have a higher effect on the rust composition of the rail head surface than that in surface soil layer.

This paper revealed the impact of air and soil contaminants on the composition of rust layer on the rail head surface and may provide guidance for the durability of rails and the necessity for their preservation.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the chemical characterization of failures and process materials for microelectronics assembly.

The analytical techniques used for chemical structures and compositions including Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy are conducted.

The residues on the golden finger are identified to be the flux used in the assembly processes. Besides, the contaminants on the processed and incoming connector pins are verified to be polyamides (–CONH functional groups) from housing material's residue. Three liquid fluxes used in wave soldering are analyzed by their chemical structure. One flux showing the OH groups at 3430 cm⁻¹ indicates higher acid contents. This consists with the acidic values specified by the supplier. Also, the solder mask under study has ever appeared peeled‐off issue. The FTIR spectra results indicated 62.2 percent degree of curing while vendor's spec is above 70 percent.

The establishment of the Infrared spectra database for fluxes and process materials help determine the root cause of the contaminants to reduce re‐occurrence of similar problems and thus enhance the manufacturing capability. The infrared spectrophotometry technique can be used by professional original design manufacturing and/or electronics manufacturing service, providers to investigate board/component defects during product pilot run stage and volume production.

International Pinchin Johnson have given a boost to their low temperature resin plant at Minerva Works, Silvertown, London, by the completion of a new 2000gal, stainless steel, steam heated reaction vessel. The new development is the second part of a project which was started in 1971, and will increase the company's capacity for resin production significantly.

The objective of the present work was to study the influence of chemical compositions of five naphthenic acids (NAs) extracted from Liaohe crude oil on their corrosivity.

Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometry and electron impact mass spectrometry were used to characterize the chemical structures and compositions if five NAs. The corrosivities of the NAs were assessed by stagnant NA corrosion (NAC) tests. An attempt was made to identify any correlation between the chemical composition of the NAs and their corrosiveness.

The acidic species in all five NA samples were saturated aliphatic and naphthenic acids and the amount of aromatic and unsaturated acids was negligible. A relationship between the carboxylic acid distribution and the molecular weight was obtained. Most of the carboxylic acids in five NAs contained 0‐3 ring structures. NAs with lower molecular weight and fewer ring structures usually were more corrosive.

The findings have important implications for assessing the corrosivity of acidic crude oils from various resources.

The mechanisms of the deblocking reaction of the polyurethane with blocking agent were investigated in detail relatively using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). This kind of method for polyurethane as the application of wood adhesives can provide the conditions of application and the main theoretical basis.

The blocking rate and latex particle size distribution were determined using the titrimetric analysis and the laser particle analysis, respectively. TGA, FTIR, XPS and differential scanning calorimetry were used to investigate the deblocking temperature and time of the blocked isocyanate in detail.

The results indicated that the blocking rate was approximately 97 per cent and the average particle size was 360 nm. The results of laser particle analysis have confirmed that the dispersivity of the blocked polyurethane emulsion was good. XPS results showed that the amount of –O = C-N-benzyl groups increased with an increasing deblocking temperature and subsequently reached equilibrium. In summary, the blocked isocyanate was deblocked at temperatures ranging from 50 to 90°C.

An important approach in future wood adhesive work would be to gain access to man-made board application data.

The paper provided some useful information about deblocking mechanisms of blocked polyurethane that would be helpful to guide applied practical applications as wood adhesive.

To promote China’s wood processing technology progress and solve the problem of shortage of the natural quality of wood is of important practical significance.

The paper is the first to use the XPS characterisation method to characterise deblocking polyurethane solution.

This paper aims to characterize the mineral composition of Martian surfaces based on Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES; Mars Global Surveyor) as measured in the infrared thermal range. It presents modeling and interpreting of TES spectral data from selected Martian regions from which the atmospheric influences had been removed using radiative transfer algorithm and deconvolution algorithm. The spectra from the dark area of Cimmeria Terra and the bright Isidis Planitia were developed in Philip Christensen’s and Joshua Bandfield’s publications, where these spectra were subjected to spectral deconvolution to estimate the mineral composition of the Martian surface. The results of the analyses of these spectra were used for the modeling of dusty and non-dusty surface of Mars. As an additional source, the mineral compositions of Polish basalts and mafic rocks were used for these surfaces as well as for modeling Martian meteorites Shergottites, Nakhlites and Chassignites. Finally, the spectra for the modeling of the Hellas region were obtained from the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) – (Mars Express) and the mineralogical compositions of basalts from the southern part of Poland were used for this purpose. The Hellas region was modeled also using simulated Martian soil samples Phyllosilicatic Mars Regolith Simulant and Sulfatic Mars Regolith Simulant, showing as a result that the composition of this selected area has a high content of sulfates. Linear spectral combination was chosen as the best modeling method. The modeling was performed using PFSLook software written in the Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Additional measurements were made with an infrared spectrometer in thermal infrared spectroscopy, for comparison with the measurements of PFS and TES. The research uses a kind of modeling that successfully matches mineralogical composition to the measured spectrum from the surface of Mars, which is the main goal of the publication. This method is used for areas where sample collection is not yet possible. The areas have been chosen based on public availability of the data.

The infrared spectra of the Martian surface were modeled by applying the linear combination of the spectra of selected minerals, which then are normalized against the measured surface area with previously separated atmosphere. The minerals for modeling are selected based on the expected composition of the Martian rocks, such as basalt. The software used for this purpose was PFSLook, a program written in C++ at the Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences, which is based on adding the spectra of minerals in the relevant percentage, resulting in a final spectrum containing 100 per cent of the minerals.

The results of this work confirmed that there is a relationship between the modeled, altered and unaltered, basaltic surface and the measured spectrum from Martian instruments. Spectral deconvolution makes it possible to interpret the measured spectra from areas that are potentially difficult to explore or to choose interesting areas to explore on site. The method is described for mid-infrared because of software availability, but it can be successfully applied to shortwave spectra in near-infrared (NIR) band for data from the currently functioning Martian spectroscopes.

This work is the only one attempting modeling the spectra of the surface of Mars with a separated atmosphere and to determine the mineralogical composition.

The purpose of this paper is to synthesize oil-soluble copper (Cu) nanoparticles modified with free phosphorus and sulfur modifier and investigate its tribological properties as environment-friendly lubricating oil additives.

To improve the anti-oxidation properties of these nanoparticles, two kinds of surface modifiers, oleic acid and oleylamine were used simultaneously. The morphology, composition, structure and thermal properties of as-synthesized Cu nanoparticles were investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis. The tribological properties of as-synthesized Cu nanoparticles as an additive in liquid paraffin were evaluated with a four-ball friction and wear tester.

It has been found that an as-synthesized Cu nanoparticle has a size of 2-5 nm and can be well dispersed in organic solvents. Tribological properties evaluation results show that as-synthesized Cu nanoparticles possess excellent anti-wear properties as an additive in liquid paraffin. The reason lies in that as-synthesized surface-capped Cu nanoparticles are able to deposit on sliding steel surface and form a low-shearing-strength protective layer thereon, showing promising application as an environmentally acceptable lubricating oil additive, owing to its free phosphorus and sulfur elements characteristics.

Oil-soluble surface-modified Cu nanoparticles without phosphorus and sulfur were synthesized and its tribological properties as lubricating oil additives were also investigated in this paper. These results could be very helpful for application of Cu nanoparticles as environment-friendly lubricating oil additives.

The purpose of this paper is synthesis of oil-soluble non-spherical nanoparticles modified with free phosphorus and sulphur modifier and investigation of their tribological properties as environment-friendly lubricating oil additives.

To study the effect of morphology of nanoparticles on their tribological properties, rice-like CuO nanoparticles were synthesized. To improve the solubility of CuO nanoparticles in organic media, the in-situ surface modification method was used to synthesize these products. The morphology, composition and structure of as-synthesized CuO nanoparticles were investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The tribological properties of as-synthesized CuO nanoparticles as an additive in liquid paraffin (LP) were evaluated with a four-ball tribometer. The morphology and elemental composition of worn steel ball surfaces were analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

It has been found that as-synthesized CuO nanoparticles with rice-like morphology have an average size of 7 and 15 nm along the shorter axle and longer axle, respectively, and can be well-dispersed in LP. Tribological properties evaluation results show that as-synthesized CuO nanoparticles as additives in LP show good friction-reducing, anti-wear and load-carrying capacities, especially under a higher normal load.

Oil-soluble rice-like CuO nanoparticles without phosphorus and sulphur were synthesized and their tribological properties as lubricating oil additives were also investigated in this paper. These results could be very helpful for application of CuO nanoparticles as environment-friendly lubricating oil additives, owing to their free phosphorus and sulphur elements characteristics.

The purpose of this study is to develop anti-corrosion coating systems using disposable waste materials. The dissolved polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has been blended with epoxy resin and stoichiometrically cured with a polyamide resin.

Glycolysis process was found to be the most optimum candidate to dissolve PET. The developed coating systems were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for confirmation of the molecular bonding structures. The mechanical properties were characterized by performing pull-off test and cross hatch test for mechanical properties on the coated panel. Also, the glossiness test was used by reflecting light on the coated surface. The corrosion protection performance of the coated mild steel panels was examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the wettability of the developed coating systems was evaluated by using water contact angle technique.

It was observed that the coating system which contains 10 per cent of dissolved PET (S2) showed the highest adhesion and corrosion protection properties.

Recyclable PET bottles have outstanding chemical properties, adhesion properties, low cost, low permeability to gases and solvents making it suitable as a coating with superior barrier properties.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce an effective method to discriminate seal inks with Raman microscopy.

Raman spectra could effectively avoid interference from the paper and give extra peak information in the inks discrimination and identification. Thus, a Renishaw invia confocal Raman microscope system was employed for ink analysis in this study. A total of 12 representative seal ink samples, widely used in seven Chinese provinces, were investigated using the latest model of Renishaw Raman microscope.

Four types of inks were identified and discriminated successfully. Popular pigments such as Pigment Scarlet Powder, Pigment Yellow 55, phthalocyanine blue, Bronze red C and PbCrO3 were all identified in these seal ink samples. The indicative peaks to identify and discriminate the inks were also summarised and tentatively interpreted.

More ink samples were needed to establish a useful library. Many other pigments used in inks were still unknown.

This method was proved to be fast, accurate and non-destructive, and it could be more easily applied in real cases than Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

This method can help scientists discriminate some inks, which can hardly be discriminated by other techniques. The results are useful for the ink analysis and discrimination in forensic (document examination and file source identification), polymer and pigment fields.