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The present paper describes a Fortran library FLIPP constituting a run‐time environment that is linked to scientific applications software (such as finite‐element analysis programs) to support programming of interactive program control and use of persistent user‐defined dynamic data structures. The system consists of control and data definition and manipulation subsystems. The FLIPP routines are fully‐portable standard Fortran 77 procedures and the use of FLIPP leads the programmer to information hiding, e.g. as in object‐oriented systems. Program design and maintenance are facilitated to a considerable degree, while at the same time the performance of the programs using the FLIPP system remains fairly good as demonstrated by the examples.

The purpose of this paper is to develop an innovative information hiding algorithm.

The proposed algorithm is based on image histogram statistics. Cumulative‐peak histogram regions are utilized to hide multiple bits of the secret message by performing histogram bin substitution. The embedding capacity, otherwise known as payload, and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), as well as security, are the main metrics used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm.

According to the obtained results, the proposed algorithm shows high embedding capacity and security at comparable PSNR compared with existing hiding information techniques.

The simplicity, security, random distribution of embedding pixels, and on‐demand high capacity are the key advantages of the proposed approach.

To understand the impact of product specificity on organizational practices of retailers at the store level.

An Aokian framework is used that enables one to discriminate between food products according to their informational properties, and to connect these properties with organizational choices of centralization/decentralization.

Emphasizes the existing tension between the dominant “assimilation” organization pattern and the “encapsulation” pattern which fits better in with some specific product departments.

Proposals are confronted with empirical data coming from professional press and experts interviews. Further empirical research is needed to consolidate the findings.

The paper points out the need to differentiate the management of departments according to their product specificity.

The paper stresses the impact of product specificity on department organization. It can be useful for the design of organizational mechanisms: work organization, incentives and career paths.

This paper deals with a systematic approach for deriving an object based information model for CIM systems. Owing to the complex nature of CIM environment it is often difficult to identify data structures and functionality of such a system. An object based modeling methodology is presented, along with clustering based procedure for deriving a static structure model from functional requirements. Performance measures for evaluating the “quality” of the derived model are presented and discussed. A sample manufacturing application is provided in order to illustrate the approach.

The purpose of this study was to provide contemporary scientific knowledge on the functionality of edible lipids, sources, health benefits, and a special emphasis on different encapsulation strategies to enhance their dietary application and boost the market value.

Novel technologies overcoming these issues are in great demand. Given that, several novel encapsulation techniques have been established aiming at most of the aspects of functional lipids. In addition, these techniques have been designed to enhance the storage stability and controlled release of lipids in food systems.

Plant and marine oils are one of the richest sources of functional lipids but are attached with limitations. Currently, alternative sources, such as different types of algae and microorganisms are gaining attention in terms of sustainable production systems. Advances in various encapsulation techniques have helped to overcome the dispersibility and stability problems of lipids encapsulation. Refinement in physicochemical interaction, colloidal dispersion and core-shell modules between wall and core matrix protect dietary lipids during processing have been implemented. Liposomes, micro/nanoemulsions and micro/nanocapsules are found most suitable for food application by improving the fatty acid profile, stability and sensorial properties.

Functional lipids offer numerous health benefits (i.e., simple health-promoting properties to complex disease preventive and curative effects). However, these functional lipids are associated with several disadvantages, such as region-specific availability, vulnerability to oxidation depending on the level of unsaturation, degradation/hydrolysis on processing, low bioavailability, confined storage stability, and others.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the organizational mechanisms of call centers that are associated with a firm's combinative capabilities and that help to facilitate a firm's absorptive capacities.

The study identifies mechanisms in terms of three types of combinative capabilities: system capabilities, coordination capabilities, and socialization capabilities. A strategy using multiple case studies was adopted; the research is primarily based on 12 interviews in four call centers from industries and public agencies in Taiwan.

The study explores seven organizational mechanisms: centralized information deployment and knowledge encapsulation, active monitoring and avoidance of organizational inertia, information hubs and communication, an interactive control system, a training center and career development, relational asset creation, and job embeddedness. The contingency factors on the development of these mechanisms are also suggested.

The paper bridges the “organizational mechanisms‐combinative capabilities” concepts and the proposed mechanisms and contingency factors should be taken into account in call center design and implementation.

If organizational mechanisms are properly designed, call centers can take on more responsibilities in managing the organization's knowledge assets.

By including a firm's combinative capabilities, the analysis provides a vocabulary that researchers and practitioners can employ in similar contexts so future call center designs and implementations can be compared and benchmarked.

The use of Spirulina sp. in food is limited by its bitter flavour and low absorption in the gastrointestinal system. The purpose of this study is to develop encapsulated Spirulina-alginate beads and to determine the physicochemical properties, the release efficiency in the simulated gastrointestinal fluid and the sensory acceptance of the beads when added into a rose syrup beverage.

Spirulina-alginate beads were prepared based on 3 × 3 factorial experiments consisting of three concentrations (1%, 2% and 3%) of plain sodium alginate and three concentrations (1, 3 and 5%) (w/v) of Spirulina. Encapsulated Spirulina-alginate beads were evaluated for their encapsulation effectiveness, size, texture, morphology, colour, in vitro release rate and sensory properties.

Sample H (3% sodium alginate + 1% Spirulina) had higher encapsulation efficiency (82.3%) but less protein (38.2 ppm) than Sample J (3% sodium alginate + 5% Spirulina) which produced more protein (126.4 ppm) but had lower encapsulation efficiency (54.5%). Alginate was the primary factor affecting bead size, and the texture became harder at 3% sodium alginate but softer at 5% Spirulina. As the concentration of Spirulina increased, the intensity of the green colour diminished. The encapsulated samples released test was better than the control samples, and Sample B (1% sodium alginate + 1% Spirulina) was preferred by the panellists in the sensory study.

This newly developed encapsulated Spirulina will improve the beverage acceptability, minimize the bitterness and increase the release percentage of Spirulina in simulated gastrointestinal.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance impact of supplier involvement, based on the knowing processes and contingencies of knowledge-based view. Ambidextrous innovations (i.e. exploitative innovation and exploratory innovation) are taken as intermediary processes. Furthermore, product smartness is considered to clarify boundary conditions.

The ordinary least squares regression was conducted, based on the two-source data collected from 125 high-tech firms in China.

Ambidextrous innovations positively mediate the relationship between supplier involvement and financial performance. Product smartness weakens the indirect impact via exploratory innovation but not exploitative innovation.

This study reveals the knowledge application and recombination mechanisms of ambidextrous innovations to mediate between supplier involvement and financial performance. It also highlights digital encapsulation function of product smartness as a contingent factor.

We expect an explosive application of these technologies to take place when they become mature and may further assist auditors in improving the quality of their work. How to use some of the computer‐assisted auditing techniques (CAATs) more effectively with the emerging information technologies.

Constructed an infrastructure with the support of emerging technologies. Electronic auditing (EA) framework–prepared and used with information technology, these examples are object‐oriented distributed middlewares, internet security technologies, and intelligent agents.

How a CPA may conveniently audit the loan account of a bank with EA framework. Demonstration/application.

Auditors will have to design one specialized audit software for each auditee's electronic data processing (EDP) system if the EDP system uses proprietary file formats or different operating systems. The EA has some limitations. This approach depends on distributed middlewares standards, i.e. CORBA, DCOM, or Java RMI, to enable the interconnections of the auditor's GAS^I, auditee's EDP systems.

This system emulates EDP applications in the banking industry and is based on the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) architecture industrial standard.

How auditor could effectively apply existing CAATs with the support of the modern information technologies such as object‐oriented distributed middleware, internet security technologies, and intelligent agents. Furthermore, this article proposes a new auditing approach that we call EA. Application in banking and financial institution for auditing banks loan account.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the digital preservation practices in institutional repositories (IRs) in Africa.

Data were collected from the IRs developed in university libraries in Africa, and it was done in two phases. The phases are website investigation to identify the university libraries in Africa that have developed IR and online questionnaire.

Results from the study showed that the majority of IRs in Africa used DSpace software to manage their digital contents, and more than half of the IRs engage in information migration. The study also revealed that the majority of the responding institutions provide long-term digital preservation in their IR. Interestingly, the majority of the IRs has developed digital preservation policy to guide the implementation of digital preservation for IR contents. Finally, the majority of the respondents indicated that they do not have long-term funding and lack the necessary technical staff with required skills to handle and manage the IR.

Because of language barriers, data were collected from only universities in English speaking countries in Africa.

The findings of this study will make librarians in universities in Africa and other developing countries understand the key issues relating to digital preservation and longevity.

The findings of this study will inform information professionals, librarians in developing countries that are planning to create IRs and provide long-term digital preservation of electronic resources in their institution.