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1 – 10 of over 4000
Article
Publication date: 1 December 2001

John L. Worrall

Qualified immunity is a defense available to law enforcement officials in Section 1983 lawsuits alleging constitutional violations. Whether qualified immunity is granted hinges on…

Abstract

Qualified immunity is a defense available to law enforcement officials in Section 1983 lawsuits alleging constitutional violations. Whether qualified immunity is granted hinges on the objective reasonableness of the officer’s actions; that is, on what a reasonable officer would have done under the circumstances. However, when a plaintiff alleges a Fourth Amendment violation, another objective reasonableness test is used. The result can be a paradoxical finding of reasonably unreasonable conduct. The present study examines this quizzical feature of civil liability law and seeks to clarify the role that both objective reasonableness tests play. In doing so, it examines the varying definitions of objective reasonableness, reviews a number of court decisions where the Fourth Amendment and qualified immunity have collided, and makes recommendations for minimizing future confusion.

Details

Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, vol. 24 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1363-951X

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 19 July 2021

Marc Richard Hugh Kosciejew

Introducing immunity or vaccine passports is one non-pharmaceutical intervention that governments are considering to exempt immune, vaccinated or otherwise risk-free individuals…

Abstract

Purpose

Introducing immunity or vaccine passports is one non-pharmaceutical intervention that governments are considering to exempt immune, vaccinated or otherwise risk-free individuals from lockdowns and other public health restrictions during the coronavirus pandemic. The primary objective of these documents would be to begin reopening societies, restarting economies and returning to a pre-pandemic normalcy. This article aims to present the start of a conceptual documentary analysis of (proposed and existing) COVID-19 immunity passports in order to more fully center their documentary status within research, considerations and conversations about their potential roles, impacts and implications.

Design/methodology/approach

Inspired by Paula A. Treichler's argument for the importance of theoretical thought for untangling the socio-cultural phenomena of epidemics, and drawing upon interdisciplinary theories of documentation, identity and public health, combined with recent news coverage of the coronavirus pandemic, this article provides a contemporary overview and conceptual analysis of emerging documentary regimes of COVID-19 immunity verification involving immunity or vaccine passports.

Findings

Three major interconnected objectives could be fulfilled by immunity passports. First, they would establish and materialize an official identity of COVID-19 immune for people possessing the formal document. Second, they would serve as material evidence establishing and verifying individuals' immunity, vaccination or risk-free status from the coronavirus that would, in term, determine and regulate their movements and other privileges. Third, they would create tangible links between individuals and governments' official or recognized identity category of COVID-19 immune. Immunity passports would, therefore, help enable and enforce governmental authority and power by situating individuals within documentary regimes of COVID-19 immunity verification.

Research limitations/implications

In the expanding interdisciplinary literature on COVID-19 immunity passports, sometimes also called certificates, licenses, or passes, there appears to be only minimal reference to their documentary instantiations, whether physical, digital, and/or hybrid documents. As yet, there is not any specific documentary approach to or analysis of immunity passports as kinds of documentation. A documentary approach helps to illuminate and emphasize the materiality of and ontological considerations concerning the coronavirus pandemic and its associated kinds of immunity or vaccination.

Social implications

By beginning an exploration of what makes immunity passports thinkable as a public health response to the coronavirus pandemic, this article illuminates these health and identity documents' material implications for, and effects on, individuals and societies. This article, therefore, helps shed light on what immunity passports reveal about the complicated and contested intersections of identity, documentation, public health and socio-political control and discipline.

Originality/value

This article contributes the start of a documentary analysis of (proposed and existing) COVID-19 immunity passports in order to more fully center their documentary status within research and conversations about them.

Details

Journal of Documentation, vol. 78 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0022-0418

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 January 1987

J.R. Carby‐Hall

Civil wrongdoings with consequent financial and other loss or damage to employers, employees and third parties may result in the course of various trade union activities. These…

Abstract

Civil wrongdoings with consequent financial and other loss or damage to employers, employees and third parties may result in the course of various trade union activities. These day to day trade union activities take a variety of forms. The most common ones are inducement of breach of contract, conspiracy, trespass, nuisance, and intimidation. Each of these activities constitutes a tort which, unless the statutory immunities apply, would normally give rise at common law to an action for damages or, as is more frequent, enable the aggrieved party to obtain an injunction.

Details

Managerial Law, vol. 29 no. 1/2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0309-0558

Article
Publication date: 20 October 2022

Daniel Joseph Finkenstadt and Robert Handfield

This study examines the lack of confidence in the actions of the government and pharmaceutical companies during vaccine deployment. The authors introduce the concept of supply…

Abstract

Purpose

This study examines the lack of confidence in the actions of the government and pharmaceutical companies during vaccine deployment. The authors introduce the concept of supply chain immunity. The authors test whether the perception of higher vaccine supply chain immunity leads to higher willingness to be vaccinated within the supply chain community.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors utilize factor analysis and item response theory methods to develop a scale for measuring supply chain immunity. The original and psychometrically sound scale is tested via a structural equation model (SEM). Factor analysis and SEM use survey responses from two samples of 125 supply chain executives.

Findings

SEM suggests that supply chain immunity perceptions are a strong predictor of overall supply chain confidence for COVID vaccines. Further, these perceptions, through supply chain confidence, indirectly impact individuals' self-reported willingness to personally accept a vaccine themselves.

Originality/value

This paper presents the concept of supply chain immunity perceptions that have not been used in the medical supply chain literature. This paper presents a first-of-a-kind scale for supply chain immunity perceptions utilizing nascent methods and demonstrates the constructs impact on vaccine program confidence and public willingness to participate.

Details

The International Journal of Logistics Management, vol. 34 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0957-4093

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 10 July 2020

K. Banu Priya, P. Rajendran, Sandeep Kumar M., Prabhu J., Sukumar Rajendran, P.J. Kumar, Thanapal P., Jabez Christopher and Jothikumar R.

The computational model proposed in this work uses the data's of COVID-19 cases in India. From the analysis, it can be observed that the proposed immunity model decides the…

Abstract

Purpose

The computational model proposed in this work uses the data's of COVID-19 cases in India. From the analysis, it can be observed that the proposed immunity model decides the recovery rate of COVID −19 patients; moreover, the recovery rate does not depend on the age of the patients. These analytic models can be used by public health professionals, hospital administrators and epidemiologists for strategic decision-making to enhance health requirements based on various demographic and social factors of those affected by the pandemic. Mobile-based computational model can be used to compute the travel history of the affected people by accessing the near geographical maps of the path traveled.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the authors developed a pediatric and geriatric person’s immunity network-based mobile computational model for COVID-19 patients. As the computational model is hard to analyze mathematically, the authors simplified the computational model as general COVID-19 infected people, the computational immunity model. The model proposed in this work used the data's of COVID-19 cases in India.

Findings

This study proposes a pediatric and geriatric people immunity network model for COVID- 19 patients. For the analysis part, the data's on COVID-19 cases in India was used. In this model, the authors have taken two sets of people (pediatric and geriatric), both are facing common symptoms such as fever, cough and myalgia. From the analysis, it was observed and also proved that the immunity level of patients decides the recovery rate of COVID-19 patients and the age of COVID-19 patients has no significant influence on the recovery rate of the patient.

Originality/value

COVID-19 has created a global health crisis that has had a deep impact on the way we perceive our world and our everyday lives. Not only the rate of contagion and patterns of transmission threatens our sense of agency, but the safety measures put in place to contain the spread of the virus also require social distancing. The novel model in this work focus on the Indian scenario and thereby may help Indian health organizations for future planning and organization. The factors model in this work such as age, immunity level, recovery rate can be used by machine leaning models for predicting other useful outcomes.

Details

International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications, vol. 16 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1742-7371

Keywords

Open Access
Article
Publication date: 18 February 2021

Steven Davies, Gareth Reginald Terrence White, Anthony Samuel and Helen Martin

Covid-19 has caused many businesses to rethink their short- and potentially long-term workforce operations. The use of lateral flow serology can provide a clinically convenient…

1198

Abstract

Purpose

Covid-19 has caused many businesses to rethink their short- and potentially long-term workforce operations. The use of lateral flow serology can provide a clinically convenient approach for the assessment of prior infection with Covid-19. However, its widespread adoption in organisations seeking to use it to test for workforce immunity is controversial and confusing. This paper aims to explore the paradoxical dilemmas and dialectics immunity workforce testing creates.

Design/methodology/approach

This study involved capturing the ethnographical participation of a chief executive officer (CEO) dealing with the experience of managing the outcomes of Covid-19 workforce immunity testing. The aim was to take a snapshot in time of the CEO's empirical world, capturing their lived experiences to explore how management actions resulting from Covid-19 immunity testing can played out.

Findings

Providing staff with immunity tests at first glance appears sensible, decent and a caring action to take. Nevertheless, once such knowledge is personalised by employees, they can, through dialectic dialogue, feel disadvantaged and harbour feelings of unfairness. Subsequently, this paper suggests that immunity testing may only serve to raise awareness and deepen the original management dilemma of whether testing is a worthwhile activity.

Originality/value

This paper aims to be amongst the first works to empirically explore the workforce management challenges that arise within small businesses within the service sector following the completion of Covid-19 immunity testing of their staff. It seeks to achieve this via utilising the robust theoretical framework of the paradox theory to examine Covid-19's impact upon small business workforce management thinking and practice.

Details

Journal of Work-Applied Management, vol. 13 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2205-2062

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 28 April 2022

Robert Handfield, Aruna Apte and Daniel J. Finkenstadt

The study discusses a rationale for a new type of capability called supply chain immunity that is required to address slow-moving, persistent and dispersed pandemics similar to…

Abstract

Purpose

The study discusses a rationale for a new type of capability called supply chain immunity that is required to address slow-moving, persistent and dispersed pandemics similar to COVID-19 in the future. The authors’ work on the COVID-19 emergency response suggests flaws in the medical and healthcare supply chain systems, due to reliance on overseas manufacturing and insufficient strategic stockpile.

Design/methodology/approach

In seeking to understand the characteristics of supply chain immunity and how it is related to the need for a renewed strategic national stockpile, the authors adopted an inductive observational approach of engaged scholarship, based on their team’s extensive involvement in the national COVID-19 healthcare response during March–June 2020.

Findings

The study analysis, based on visibility, velocity and global independence, establishes a new type of supply chain immunity, along with the requirements for development of this capability. The framework for immunity proposed in this article provides general guidelines that an emergency responder would probably use in an informal fashion. The immunity framework is validated through references to current work on COVID-19 supply chain preparedness.

Originality/value

The understanding of readiness for pandemic operations using the metaphor of supply chain immunity is unique. It contains important observations on the development of capabilities – specifically, the outcome of an aligned medical and supply chain intelligence, a clinical standards organization and a materials management monitoring system. The authors’ insights are supported not only by literature but also due to direct engagement with academic scholars, Department of Defense (DoD) personnel, supply risk platforms and government officials involved in the COVID-19 pandemic response.

Details

Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, vol. 12 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2042-6747

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 January 1978

The Equal Pay Act 1970 (which came into operation on 29 December 1975) provides for an “equality clause” to be written into all contracts of employment. S.1(2) (a) of the 1970 Act…

1351

Abstract

The Equal Pay Act 1970 (which came into operation on 29 December 1975) provides for an “equality clause” to be written into all contracts of employment. S.1(2) (a) of the 1970 Act (which has been amended by the Sex Discrimination Act 1975) provides:

Details

Managerial Law, vol. 21 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0309-0558

Article
Publication date: 1 January 1981

In the initial Employment Bill there existed no provision on secondary action. What accelerated the issue was the great damage caused by secondary action, such as indiscriminate…

Abstract

In the initial Employment Bill there existed no provision on secondary action. What accelerated the issue was the great damage caused by secondary action, such as indiscriminate blacking and blockading of customers and suppliers extraneous to the dispute and the resultant spate of cases which came before the courts in 1978 and 1979 and in particular the decision of the House of Lords in Express Newspapers v. McShane which clarified the law on industrial conflict. The Labour Government's Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974 as amended by the 1976 Amendment Act created a virtually unlimited immunity to take industrial action however remote from the original dispute and however slight its connection with it. The events of the winters of 1979 and 1980 illustrated how the 1974–76 statutes enabled industrial action to be extended well beyond the original dispute. Employees and employers not connected with that dispute consequently had their livelihood put at risk and their business damaged. S.17 of the Employment Act 1980 which deals with secondary action other than picketing therefore represents the Government's immediate response to the legislation on trade union immunities enacted under the 1974–76 legislation.

Details

Managerial Law, vol. 23 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0309-0558

Expert briefing
Publication date: 23 March 2021

This is partly attributed to age and to health predispositions, but the physiological basis is not entirely clear. Existing immunity from previous exposure to other coronaviruses…

Details

DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB260364

ISSN: 2633-304X

Keywords

Geographic
Topical
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