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Article
Publication date: 13 March 2017

Anthony Deloge Ariyanayagam and Mahen Mahendran

This paper aims to present the details of a study undertaken to develop an energy-based time equivalent approach to obtain the fire resistance ratings (FRRs) of light gauge steel…

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to present the details of a study undertaken to develop an energy-based time equivalent approach to obtain the fire resistance ratings (FRRs) of light gauge steel frame (LSF) walls exposed to realistic design fire curves.

Design/methodology/approach

The energy-based time equivalent method was developed based on the performance of a structural member exposed to a realistic design fire curve in comparison to that of the standard fire time – temperature curve. The FRR predicted by the energy-based method for LSF wall configurations exposed to both rapid and prolonged fires were compared with those from fire design rules and finite element analyses (FEA).

Findings

The proposed energy method can be used to obtain the FRR of LSF walls in case of prolonged fires and cannot be used for rapid fires as the computed FRRs were higher than the results from FEA and fire design rules due to the influence of thermal bowing and its magnification effects at a high temperature gradient across the studs for rapid fires.

Originality/value

The energy-based time equivalent method was developed based on equal fire severity principles. Three different wall configurations were considered and exposed to both rapid and prolonged fires. The FRR obtained from the energy-based method were compared with fire design rules and FEA results to assess the use of the energy-based method to predict the FRR of LSF walls.

Details

Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, vol. 8 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-2317

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 22 June 2017

Jean-Christophe Mindeguia, Guillaume Cueff, Virginie Dréan and Gildas Auguin

The fire resistance of wooden structures is commonly based on the calculation or measurement of the char layer. Designers usually estimate the char layer at the surface of a…

Abstract

Purpose

The fire resistance of wooden structures is commonly based on the calculation or measurement of the char layer. Designers usually estimate the char layer at the surface of a structural element by using analytical models. Some of these charring models can be found in regulations, as Eurocode 5. These analytical models, quite simple to use, are only reliable for the standard fire curve. In that case, the design of the structure is qualified as “prescriptive-based design” and can lead to oversizing the structure. Optimization of a structure can be achieved by using a “Performance-based design”, where realistic fire scenarios are taken into account by means of more or less complex models [parametric fires, two-zones models, computational fluid dynamics (CFD)]. For these so-called “natural fires”, no model for charring is available. The purpose of this paper is to present a novel methodology for applying a performance-based design to a simple timber structure.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents the development of a numerical model aiming to simulate the thermal transfer and charring in wood, under any type of thermal exposure, including non-standard fire curves. After presenting the physical background, the model is calibrated and compared to existing experimental studies on wood samples exposed to different fire curves. The model is then used as a tool for assessing the fire resistance of a common wooden structure exposed to standard and non-standard fire curves.

Findings

The results show that the fire resistance is obviously dependent on the choice of the thermal exposure. The reliability of the model is also discussed and the importance of taking into account particular reactions in wood during heating is underlined.

Originality/value

One aim of this paper is to show the opportunity to apply a performance-based approach when designing a wooden structure. It shows that more knowledge of the material behaviour under non-standard fires is still needed, especially during the decay phase.

Details

Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, vol. 9 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-2317

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 20 February 2020

Daniel Paul Thanaraj, Anand N. and Prince Arulraj

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of standard fire on the strength and microstructure properties of concrete with different strength grades.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of standard fire on the strength and microstructure properties of concrete with different strength grades.

Design/methodology/approach

Different strength grades of concrete used for the investigation are M20, M30, M40 and M50. An electrical bogie hearth furnace was developed to simulate the International Standards Organization 834 standard fire curve.Concrete samples were subjected to high temperatures of 925, 1,029, 1,090 and 1,133°C for the duration of 1, 2, 3 and 4 h, respectively, as per standard fire curve. Compressive strength, tensile strength, thermal crack pattern and spalling of heated concrete specimens were evaluated by experimental investigation. Scanning electron microscopy and thermo-gravimetric analysis were performed to investigate the microstructure properties of heated concrete specimens.

Findings

Test results indicated reduction in the strength and changes in the microstructure properties of concrete exposed to elevated temperature. The degree of weight and the strength loss were found to be higher for concrete with higher grades. An empirical relation is proposed to determine the residual strength of concrete with different strength grade using regression analysis.

Social implications

Results of this research will be useful for the design engineers to understand the behavior of concrete exposed to elevated temperature as per standard fire.

Originality/value

When concrete is exposed to elevated temperature, its internal microstructure changes, thereby strength and durability of concrete deteriorates. The performance of concrete with different strength grade exposed to standard fire is well understood. This research’s findings will be useful for the designers to understand more about fire resistance of concrete. A simple relationship is proposed to determine the residual strength of concrete exposed to various durations of heating.

Details

Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, vol. 11 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-2317

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 15 May 2019

Daniel Paul Thanaraj, Anand N. and Prince Arulraj

This paper aims to explain the influence of Standard Fire as per ISO 834 on the strength and microstructure properties of concrete specimens with different strength grade.

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to explain the influence of Standard Fire as per ISO 834 on the strength and microstructure properties of concrete specimens with different strength grade.

Design/methodology/approach

The strength grades of concrete considered for the experimental investigation were Fck20, Fck30, Fck40 and Fck50. The specimens were heated up to 1, 2, 3 and 4 h as per standard fire curve. Effect of elevated temperature on compressive and flexural behavior of specimens with various strength grades was examined. Effects of age of concrete, weight loss, surface characteristics and thermal crack pattern were also investigated.

Findings

Experimental investigation shows that strength grade, duration of exposure and age of concrete are the key parameters affecting the residual strength of concrete. For the beams exposed to 3 and 4 h of heating, the residual flexural strength was found to be so insignificant that the specimens were not able to even sustain their own weight. The loss in compressive and flexural strength of Fck50 concrete specimens heated up to 1 h were found to be 26.41 and 86.03 per cent of the original unheated concrete, respectively. The weight loss was found to be more for higher grade concrete specimens, and it was about 8.38 per cent for Fck50 concrete. Regression analysis was carried out to establish the empirical relation between residual strength and grade of concrete. Scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were carried out to examine the damage level of fire-affected concrete specimens.

Originality/value

Empirical relationship was developed to determine the residual strength of concrete exposed to elevate temperature, and this will be useful for design applications. This database may be useful for identifying member strength of reinforced beams subjected to various durations of heating so that suitable repair technique can be adopted from the available database. It will be useful to identify the proper grade of concrete with regard to fire endurance, in the case of concrete under compression or flexure.

Details

Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology , vol. 17 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1726-0531

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 7 April 2023

Chiara Bedon and Christian Louter

Glass material is largely used for load-bearing components in buildings. For this reason, standardized calculation methods can be used in support of safe structural design in…

Abstract

Purpose

Glass material is largely used for load-bearing components in buildings. For this reason, standardized calculation methods can be used in support of safe structural design in common loading and boundary conditions. Differing from earlier literature efforts, the present study elaborates on the load-bearing capacity, failure time and fire endurance of ordinary glass elements under fire exposure and sustained mechanical loads, with evidence of major trends in terms of loading condition and cross-sectional layout. Traditional verification approaches for glass in cold conditions (i.e. stress peak check) and fire endurance of load-bearing members (i.e. deflection and deflection rate limits) are assessed based on parametric numerical simulations.

Design/methodology/approach

The mechanical performance of structural glass elements in fire still represents an open challenge for design and vulnerability assessment. Often, special fire-resisting glass solutions are used for limited practical applications only, and ordinary soda-lime silica glass prevails in design applications for load-bearing members. Moreover, conventional recommendations and testing protocols in use for load-bearing members composed of traditional constructional materials are not already addressed for glass members. This paper elaborates on the fire endurance and failure detection methods for structural glass beams that are subjected to standard ISO time–temperature for fire exposure and in-plane bending mechanical loads. Fire endurance assessment methods are discussed with the support of Finite Element (FE) numerical analyses.

Findings

Based on extended parametric FE analyses, multiple loading, geometrical and thermo-mechanical configurations are taken into account for the analysis of simple glass elements under in-plane bending setup and fire exposure. The comparative results show that – in most of cases – thermal effects due to fire exposure have major effects on the actual load-bearing capacity of these members. Moreover, the conventional stress peak verification approach needs specific elaborations, compared to traditional calculations carried out in cold conditions.

Originality/value

The presented numerical results confirm that the fire endurance analysis of ordinary structural glass elements is a rather complex issue, due to combination of multiple aspects and influencing parameters. Besides, FE simulations can provide useful support for a local and global analysis of major degradation and damage phenomena, and thus support the definition of simple and realistic verification procedures for fire exposed glass members.

Article
Publication date: 19 July 2022

G. Jaya Kumar, Tattukolla Kiran, N. Anand and Khalifa Al-Jabri

Most of the industrial buildings which are designed to moderate loads are constructed using light gauge cold-formed steel (CFS) sections. Residual mechanical properties of CFS…

Abstract

Purpose

Most of the industrial buildings which are designed to moderate loads are constructed using light gauge cold-formed steel (CFS) sections. Residual mechanical properties of CFS sections exposed to elevated temperature need to be investigated as it is necessary to predict the deterioration of elements to avoid failure of the structure or its elements. Also, it would be helpful to decide whether the structural elements need to be replaced or reused. The use of fire-resistant coatings in steel structures significantly reduces the cost of repairing structural elements and also the probability of collapse. This study investigates the effect of fire-resistant coating on post-fire residual mechanical properties of E350 steel grade.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the residual mechanical properties of E350 steel. A tensile coupon test was performed for the extracted specimens from the exposed CFS section to determine the mechanical properties. Four different fire-resistant coatings were selected and the sections were coated and heated as per ISO 834 fire temperature curve in the transient state for time durations of 30 minutes (821°C), 60 minutes (925°C), 90 minutes (986°C), and 120 minutes (1,029°C). After the exposure, all the coupon specimens were cooled by either ambient conditions (natural air) or water spraying before conducting the tension test on these specimens.

Findings

At 30 min exposure, the reduction in yield and ultimate strength of heated specimens was about 20 and 25% for air and water-cooled specimens compared with reference specimens. Specimens coated with vermiculite and perlite exhibited higher residual mechanical property up to 60 minutes than other coated specimens for both cooling conditions. Generally, water-cooled specimens had shown higher strength loss than air-cooled specimens. Specimens coated with vermiculite and perlite showed an excellent performance than other specimens coated with zinc and gypsum for all heating durations.

Originality/value

As CFS structures are widely used in construction practices, it is crucial to study the mechanical properties of CFS under post-fire conditions. This investigation provides detailed information about the physical and mechanical characteristics of E350 steel coated with different types of fire protection materials after exposure to elevated temperatures. An attempt has been made to improve the residual properties of CFS using the appropriate coatings. The outcome of the present study may enable the practicing engineers to select the appropriate coating for protecting and enhancing the service life of CFS structures under extreme fire conditions.

Details

Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, vol. 14 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-2317

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 12 December 2016

C. Kahanji, F. Ali and A. Nadjai

The purpose of the study was to investigate the spalling phenomenon in ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) beams on exposure to a standard fire curve (ISO

1059

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to investigate the spalling phenomenon in ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) beams on exposure to a standard fire curve (ISO 834) under a sustained load.

Design/methodology/approach

The variables in this study were steel fibre dosage, polypropylene (PP) fibres and loading levels. The research investigated seven beams – three of which contained steel fibres with 2 vol.%, another three had steel fibres with 4 vol.% dosage and the seventh beam had a combination of steel fibres (2 vol.%) and PP fibres (4 kg/m3). The beams were tested for 1 h under three loading levels (20, 40 and 60 per cent) based on the ambient temperature ultimate flexural strength of the beam.

Findings

Spalling was affected by the loading levels; it exacerbated under the load level of 40 per cent, whereas under the 60 per cent load level, significantly less spalling was recorded. Under similar loading conditions, the beams containing steel fibres with a dosage of 4 vol.% spalled less than the beams with fibre contents of 2 vol.%. This was attributed to the additional tensile strength provided by the excess steel fibres. The presence of PP fibres eliminated spalling completely.

Originality/value

There is insufficient research into the performance of UHPFRC beams at elevated temperature, as most studies have largely focussed on columns, slabs and smaller elements such as cubes and cylinders. This study provides invaluable information and insights of the influence of parameters such as steel fibre dosage, PP fibres, loading levels on the spalling behaviour and fire endurance of UHPFRC beams.

Details

Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, vol. 7 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-2317

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 13 June 2016

Mahmud M.S. Dwaikat

Different approaches, originally developed for ambient conditions, exist in current codes and standards for incorporating the effect of moment–shear (M–V) interaction on the…

Abstract

Purpose

Different approaches, originally developed for ambient conditions, exist in current codes and standards for incorporating the effect of moment–shear (M–V) interaction on the plastic-carrying capacity of wide-flanged (WF) steel sections. There is a lack of experimental and theoretical studies that address this issue under fire conditions.

Design/methodology/approach

The current paper presents a numerical study investigating the effect of fire exposure on the plastic M–V capacity curves of doubly symmetrical, WF, hot-rolled steel sections. Validated high-fidelity finite element (FE) models constructed via ANSYS are used to study the effect M–V interaction on the plastic capacity of WF sections. Also, a simplified plastic sectional analysis, intended to be used by engineering practitioners, is proposed for generating the plastic M–V interaction curves.

Findings

The study shows that the fire-induced non-uniform heating of the section plates affects the shape of the plastic M–V interaction capacity curves. Comparison of different methods against FE results shows that the method specified in the Eurocode is very conservative at room-temperature, but it turns out to be barely sufficiently conservative under fire conditions.

Originality/value

It is well noted that lack of fire tests on the M–V interaction, including the stability of the plates of steel sections under fire, make it difficult to reach a definite assessment on the effect of M–V interaction on the bearing capacity of steel beams.

Details

Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, vol. 7 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-2317

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 13 June 2016

Peter Schaumann, Florian Tabeling and Waldemar Weisheim

This paper aims to present numerical investigations regarding the heating behaviour of steel elements protected by an intumescent coating with an adjacent trapezoidal steel sheet.

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to present numerical investigations regarding the heating behaviour of steel elements protected by an intumescent coating with an adjacent trapezoidal steel sheet.

Design/methodology/approach

For this purpose, a three-dimensional numerical model of a coated I-section profile is developed in Abaqus taking into account the restrained foaming process of the intumescent coating due to the adjacent member explicitly.

Findings

After the validation of the numerical model against own fire tests, the steel temperatures of a coated I-section profile with and without an adjacent trapezoidal steel sheet, resulting from fire exposure according to ISO-834, are compared to demonstrate the influence of the steel sheet in detail.

Originality/value

The main objective is to evaluate the influence of an unprotected trapezoidal steel sheet on the temperatures of coated I-section profiles.

Details

Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, vol. 7 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-2317

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 28 May 2020

András Jakab, Viktor Hlavicka, Ágoston Restás and Eva Lubloy

During the building designing, it is very important to deal with the fire resistance of the structures. The designed materials for escape routes should be selected to ensure the…

Abstract

Purpose

During the building designing, it is very important to deal with the fire resistance of the structures. The designed materials for escape routes should be selected to ensure the usability of the structures until the time of escape. Planning affects the glass structures similarly, so these can also be partition walls and load bearing structures, although the latter is less applied on escape routes. The heat protection of the glasses can be improved with heat-protective foils, while fire protection is provided by gel intumescent material.

Design/methodology/approach

To research the topic of fire resistance, laboratory experiments were carried out on small-scaled glass elements with thermal protection foil at Budapest University of Technology and Economics at the Department of Construction Materials and Technologies.

Findings

Fire protection of small model specimens was tested with blowtorch fire and furnace heat load. During the experiments, six foils were tested. Single pane glass, double layered and triple glazed specimens were tested with blowtorch fire.

Originality/value

Fire protection of small model specimens was tested with blowtorch fire and furnace heat load. During the experiments, six foils were tested. Single pane glass, double layered and triple glazed specimens were tested with blowtorch fire. In case of heat-protected glazing, the foils on the “protected” side of the single pane glass do not have a fire protection effect based on blowtorch fire test. For double glassed specimens, the P35 foil has a perceptible effect, even for the requirements of the flame breakthrough (E, integrity), when the foil is placed on the inner side (position 3) of the second glass layer. The stratification of each triple glazed specimens was effective against blowtorch fire load (3 M, S4&P35), so (EI, integrity and isolation) it can meet the requirements of flame breakthrough and thermal insulation.

Details

Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, vol. 11 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-2317

Keywords

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