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The purpose of this paper is to explore police officers’ perceptions of the challenges and work stressors of working in Internet Child Exploitation (ICE) investigation.

Participants were a heterogeneous sample of 32 ICE investigators across nine Australian jurisdictions. Officers’ perceptions of ICE work were elicited via individual, open-ended, anonymous, telephone interviews, which focused on both the nature and impact of work-related stressors and challenges.

Thematic analysis revealed that viewing ICE material was not perceived to be a major stressor or particularly traumatic facet of ICE investigation. Rather, the challenges related to three areas; work relationships, workload and resources and the physical environment. Participants also suggested some improvements to their work environment which could reduce the impact of these challenges.

The stressors identified by ICE investigators in this study place physical, psychological and social restrictions on investigative capacity. Modifications to the workplace environment that facilitate more effective professional collaboration, reduce workload and enhance investigator efficiency and functionality of the physical work environment would likely reduce the potential for harm associated with ICE investigation and improve ICE investigators’ capacity to perform their role.

This is the first study to use a broad research framework to examine the full range of stressors that ICE investigators face (both organisational and operational). The findings are important for developing comprehensive theories regarding workplace traumatisation as well as holistic intervention models to assist the prevention and management of stress related to ICE investigation.

Partnerships between the public and private sectors represent one of the strongest means to detect, deter, disrupt and deny terrorist and other criminal organizations illicit profits and material support required to fuel their evil acts. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and illustrate through case study, the importance of public and private sector partnership in combating terrorist financing and other financial crimes.

Two case studies are presented demonstrating how the public and private sectors can collaboratively work to target how criminal organizations earn, move and store their illicit profits. Highlighted is US Immigration and Customs Enforcement's (ICE's) outreach and partnership program, Cornerstone. Through working partnerships with US financial, trade, manufacturing and transportation sectors, Cornerstone's goal is to eliminate systemic vulnerabilities that could be exploited by terrorist and other criminal organizations.

ICE provides the private sector with information on trends, patterns, and “red flag” indicators that are identified during criminal investigations. This information can be used by the private sector to assist in establishment of internal controls and systems designed to protect their institutions from criminal exploitation.

Sharing identified vulnerabilities and information with trusted private sector partners, is the first line of defense against financial crimes, and the cornerstone of private/public partnership.

The paper stresses that all nations must recognize that any criminal act – whether driven by profit or ideology – threatens a nations economic security and integrity. In today's global economy, this impact can have devastating consequences transcending many borders.

THE National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics is conducting a programme of research intended to reduce the risks now attendant on aeroplane operation during icing conditions. A part of this programme is concerned with the prevention of ice on the windshield. The methods investigated involve the use of: (1) heat from an electric source, (2) heat from the engine exhaust, and (3) an alcohol‐dispensing, rotating wiper‐blade. Inasmuch as the problem of ice prevention exists in several forms, it is anticipated that several different methods may find application on the aeroplane. The obstructions of vision through a windshield may result from ice or snow formations on the exterior surface or from the formation of frost on the interior. The object of the present investigation, therefore, was to determine the extent to which the several methods could preserve vision. Observations were also made to determine the capacity of the rotating wiper‐blade to remove rain from the windshield.

THE history of carburettor icing dates back over 20 years. The earliest report which we have is a paper published in 1920 by S. W. Sparrow, then of the National Bureau of Standards, in which he described the phenomenon and pointed out that many unexplained aeroplane crashes almost certainly could be attributed to this cause. He described the icing action as giving the pilot' the impression that: “A demon was operating the throttles.”

In Northern Regions, ice covers that form on rivers, streams, and lakes with the onset of winter, cause various problems related to winter navigation and pollution dispersion among others. Warm water, from industrial plants, discharged into these rivers cause partial or total melting of the ice cover over considerable distances. The present work investigates the melting of a thin non‐uniform ice cover subject to varying water and air temperatures under turbulent flow conditions. A two‐dimensional depth averaged turbulence model coupled with a heat transfer model is used to simulate laboratory conditions of ice cover melting. Computational results were compared with experimental investigations. The average melting of the ice cover was found to be in close agreement with the experimental measurements with the exception of the leading edge region.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse an actual representation of ice accretions, which are important during the certification process.

Ice accretion experiments are conducted in a low-speed subsonic wind tunnel testing facility to evaluate the influence of various ice shapes around the airfoil sections. Ice accumulation changes the shapes of local airfoil sections and thereby affects the aerodynamic performance characteristics of the considered NACA 23012 profile. The ice profiles are impregnated using balsa wood with glace, horn and mixed ice accretion cases for the detailed experimental investigation.

Computational fluid dynamics analysis is done to compute the influence of different ice shapes on the aerodynamic coefficients (C_l and C_d) while ice accretion occurs at the leading edge of the airfoil sections. It is observed that the C_l and C_d modified immediately more than 40% as compared to the clean wing configuration. In the same fashion, the skin friction coefficient also abruptly changes for different ice shapes that have the potential to induce flutter at the critical speed of the airplane. The computational solutions are further validated through wind tunnel experiments and recent literature concerning certification for flight in icing conditions.

The ice accretion study on the aerodynamic surfaces can also be extended for wind turbine blades installed at different cold regions around the globe. Further, the propeller icing influences the entire rotorcraft aerodynamics at low temperature conditions and the findings of this study are strongly connected with such problems.

The aerodynamic characteristics of the baseline airfoil are greatly affected by the ice accretion problem. Although flight through icing condition endures for a short duration, the takeoff path and decision speed are determined based on airplane drag as per federal aviation regulations. Hence, the proposed study is focussed on a cost-effective approach to predict the effect of ice accretion to achieve optimum performance.

The purpose of this paper is to numerically and experimentally evaluate the effect of the protection net icing on the inlet performance of helicopter engines.

The ice shapes of the protection net at different times are first simulated by a two-dimensional (2D) icing calculation, then the porous media parameters are calculated based on the 2D ice shapes. Afterward, three-dimensional flow fields of the engine inlet with the iced net are simulated using the porous media model instead of the real protection net. The transient pressure losses of the iced protection net are calculated and tested through an icing wind tunnel test rig under different icing conditions.

Overall, the numerical results and experimental data show a good agreement. The effects of several control parameters, such as liquid water contents (LWC), water droplet diameters and airflow velocities on the pressure loss of the protection net during the icing process are analyzed in a systematic manner. The results indicate that the pressure loss increases with the increase of the LWC at the same icing time. The same trend occurs when the water droplet diameter and the airflow velocity increase.

A new method to predict the pressure loss of the iced protection net is proposed. A series of tests in an icing wind tunnel are performed to obtain the ice shapes and pressure loss of protection net during the icing process.

AVIATION has played and is playing an important part in the economic development of the Dominion of Canada. The mapping of huge areas has been accomplished with aircraft and the instruments and techniques of air survey and map plotting have been brought to a high state of development in the Dominion. Geological exploration has been facilitated and greatly accelerated by the aeroplane and air transport plays an indispensable role in connexion with northern mining operations. Aerial forest patrol and timber cruising arc widely used in the protection and development of the vast timber resources. In the far north the aeroplane provides a vital service to outlying posts and settlements, meteorological stations and trappers. In the organized air transport of passengers, mail and express, Canadian operations have developed from modest beginnings to the present continental network and services to the United Kingdom, Bermuda and the West Indies. The operational record of the scheduled services, in traffic, economy and safety, is impressive.

Responding to emergency incidents by emergency response organizations such as fire, ambulance and police during large disaster and emergency events is very important. The purpose of this paper is to provide some insights into response patterns during the 2013 ice storm in the city of Vaughan, Ontario, Canada, using temporal and spatial analyses.

The City of Vaughan Fire and Rescue Service data set containing all responses to fire and other emergency incidents from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2016 was used. The 2013 Southern Ontario ice storm occurred from December 20, 2013 to January 1, 2014, and, for this study, December 20–31 is considered the “study period.” Temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal analyses of responses during the study period are carried out and are compared with the same period in other years (2009–2012 and 2014–2016).

The findings show that temporal patterns of response attributes changed significantly during the 2013 ice storm. Similarly, the spatial pattern of responses during the 2013 ice storm showed some major differences with other years. The spatiotemporal analyses also demonstrate significant variations in responses in the city during different hours of the day in the ice storm days.

This study is the first study to examine the spatiotemporal patterns of responses made by a fire department during the 2013 ice storm in Canada. It provides some insights into the differences between response volumes, temporal and spatial distributions during large emergency events (e.g. ice storm) and normal situations. The results will help in mitigating the number of responses in the future through public education and technological changes. Moreover, the results will provide fire departments with information that could help them prepare for such events by possible reallocation of resources.

In oil/gas exploitations of ice-covered cold regions, conical offshore structures are designed to reduce ice force and to avoid the ice-induced intense vibrations of vertical structures. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the interaction between ice cover and conical offshore structures, the discrete element method (DEM) is introduced to determine the dynamic ice loads under different structure parameters and ice conditions.

The ice cover is dispersed into a series of bonded spherical elements with the parallel bonding model. The interaction between ice cover and conical offshore structure is obtained based on the DEM simulation. The influence of ice velocity on ice load is compared well with the experimental data of Hamburg Ship Model Basin. Moreover, the ice load on a conical platform in the Bohai Sea is also simulated. The ice loads on its upward and downward ice-breaking cones are compared.

The DEM can be used well to simulate the ice loads on conical structures. The influences of ice velocity, ice thickness, conical angle on ice loads can be analyzed with DEM simulations.

This DEM can also be applied to simulate ice loads of different offshore structures and aid in determining ice load in offshore structure designs.