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The purpose of this study is to analyze the nonhomogeneous model on the mixed convection of Al2O3–Fe3O4 Bingham plastic hybrid nanofluid in a ventilated enclosure subject to an externally imposed uniform magnetic field. Entropy generation and the pressure drop are determined to analyze the performance of the heat transfer. The significance of Joule heating arising due to the applied magnetic field on the heat transfer of the yield stress fluid is described.

The ventilation in the enclosure of heated walls is created by an opening on one vertical wall through which cold fluid is injected and another opening on the opposite vertical wall through which fluid can flow out.

This study finds that the inclusion of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with the Al₂O₃-viscoplastic nanofluid augments the heat transfer. This rate of enhancement in heat transfer is higher than the rate by which the entropy generation is increased as well as the enhancement in the pressure drop. The yield stress has an adverse effect on the heat transfer; however, it favors thermal mixing. The magnetic field, which is acting opposite to the direction of the inlet jet, manifests heat transfer of the viscoplastic hybrid nanofluid. The horizontal jet of cold fluid produces the optimal heat transfer.

The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of the inclined cold jet of viscoplastic electrically conducting hybrid nanofluid on heat transfer from the enclosure in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. The combined effect of hybrid nanoparticles and a magnetic field to enhance heat transfer of a viscoplastic fluid in a ventilated enclosure has not been addressed before.

This study aims to examine the flow of unsteady mixed convective hybrid nanofluid over a rotating sphere with heat generation/absorption. The hybrid nanofluid contains different shapes of nanoparticles (copper [Cu] and aluminium oxide [Al₂O₃]) in the base fluid (water [H₂O]). The influence of different shapes (sphere, brick, cylinder, platelets and blades) of nanoparticle in water-based hybrid nanofluid is also investigated.

To analyse the nanomaterial, the flow model is established, and in doing so, the Prandtl’s boundary layer theory is incorporated into the present model. The bvp4c approach, i.e. finite difference method, is used to find the numerical solution of differential equations that is controlling the fluid flow. The effect of relevant flow parameters on nanofluid temperature and velocity profile is demonstrated in detailed explanations using graphs and bar charts, whereas numerical results for Nusselt number and the skin’s coefficient for various form parameters are presented in tabular form.

The rate of heat transfer is least for spherical-shaped nanoparticle because of its smoothness, symmetricity and isotropic behaviour. The rate of heat transfer is highest for blade-shaped nanoparticles as compared to other shapes (brick, cylindrical and platelet) of nanoparticles because the blade-shaped nanoparticles causes comparatively more turbulence flow in the nanofluid than other shapes of nanoparticle. Heat generation affects the temperature distribution and, hence, the particle deposition rate. The absorption of heat extracts heat and reduce the temperature across the rotating sphere. The heat generation/absorption parameter plays an important role in establishing and maintaining the temperature around the rotating sphere.

The numerical study is valid with the exception of the fluctuation in density that results in the buoyancy force and the functional axisymmetric nanofluid transport has constant thermophysical characteristics. In addition, this investigation is also constrained by the assumptions that there is no viscosity dissipation, no surface slippage and no chemically activated species. The hybrid nanofluid Al₂O₃–Cu/H₂O is an incompressible and diluted suspension. The single-phase hybrid nanofluid model is considered in which the relative velocity of water (H₂O) and hybrid nanoparticles (Al₂O₃–Cu) is the same and they are in a state of thermal equilibrium.

Study on convective flow across a revolving sphere has its applications found in electrolysis management, polymer deposition, medication transfer, cooling of spinning machinery segments, spin-stabilized missiles and other industrial and technical applications.

The originality of the study is to investigate the effect of shape factor on the flow of electrically conducting hybrid nanofluid past a rotating sphere with heat generation/absorption and magnetic field. The results are validated and provide extremely positive balance with the recognised articles. The results of the study provide many appealing applications that merit further study of the problem.

Several graphs, streamlines, isotherms and 3D plots are illustrated to enlighten the noteworthy fallouts of the investigation. Embedding flow factors for velocity, induced magnetic field and temperature have been determined using parametric analysis.

Ternary hybrid nanofluids has outstanding hydrothermal performance compared to classical mono nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids owing to the presence of triple tiny metallic particles. Ternary hybrid nanofluids are considered as most promising candidates in solar energy, heat exchangers, electronics cooling, automotive cooling, nuclear reactors, automobile, aerospace, biomedical devices, food processing etc. In this work, a ternary hybrid nanofluid flow that contains metallic nanoparticles over a wedge under the prevalence of solar radiating heat, induced magnetic field and the shape factor of nanoparticles is considered. A ternary hybrid nanofluid is synthesized by dispersing iron oxide (Fe3O4), silver (Ag) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles in a water (H₂O) base fluid. By employing similarity transformations, we can convert the governing equations into ordinary differential equations and then solve numerically by using the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg approach.

There is no fund for the research work.

This kind of study may be used to improve the performance of solar collectors, solar energy and solar cells.

This investigation unfolds the hydrothermal changes of radiative water-based Fe₃O₄-Ag-MgO-H₂O ternary hybrid nanofluidic transport past a static and moving wedge in the presence of solar radiating heating and induced magnetic fields. The shape factor of nanoparticles has been considered in this study.

This paper aims to investigate numerically the free convective heat transfer efficiency inside a rectotrapezoidal enclosure filled with Al₂O₃–Cu/water hybrid fluid. The bottom wall of the cavity is uniformly heated, the upper horizontal wall is insulated, and the remaining walls are considered cold. A new thermophysical relation determining the thermal conductivity of the hybrid nanofluid has been established, which produced results those match with experimental ones.

The governing partial differential equations are solved using the finite element method of Galerkin type. The simulated results in terms of streamlines, heat lines and isotherms are displayed for various values of the model parameters, which govern the flow.

The Nusselt number, friction factor and the thermal efficiency index are also determined for the pertinent parameters varying different ratios of the hybrid nanoparticles. The simulated results showed that thermal buoyancy significantly controls the heat transfer, friction factor and thermal efficiency index. The highest thermal efficiency is obtained for the lowest Rayleigh number.

This theoretical study is significantly relevant to the applications of the hybrid nanofluids electronic devices cooled by fans, manufacturing process, renewable energies, nuclear reactors, electronic cooling, lubrication, refrigeration, combustion, medicine, thermal storage, etc.

The results showed that nanoparticle loading intensified the rate of heat transfer and thermal efficiency index at the expense of the higher friction factor or higher pumping power. The results further show that the heat transmission in Al₂O₃–Cu/water hybrid nanofluid at a fixed value of intensified $\phi_{hnf}$ compared to the Al₂O₃/water nanofluid when an amount of higher conductivity nanoparticles (Cu) added to it. Besides, the rate of heat transfer in Cu/water nanofluid declines when the lower thermal conductivity Al₂O₃ nanoparticles are added to the mixture.

This paper aims to present a numerical study that investigates the flow of MgO-Al₂O₃/water hybrid nanofluid inside a porous elliptical-shaped cavity, in which we aim to examine the performance of this thermal system when exposed to a magnetic field via heat transfer features and entropy generation.

The configuration consists of the hybrid nanofluid out layered by a cold ellipse while it surrounds a non-square heated obstacle; the thermal structure is under the influence of a horizontal magnetic field. This problem is implemented in COMSOL multiphysics, which solves the related equations described by the “Darcy-Forchheimer-Brinkman” model through the finite element method.

The results illustrated as streamlines, isotherms and average Nusselt number, along with the entropy production, are given as functions of: the volume fraction, and shape factor to assess the behaviour of the properties of the nanoparticles. Darcy number and porosity to designate the impact of the porous features of the enclosure, and finally the strength of the magnetic induction described as Hartmann number. The outcomes show the increased pattern of the thermal and dynamical behaviour of the hybrid nanofluid when augmenting the concentration, shape factor, porosity and Darcy number; however, it also engenders increased formations of irreversibilities in the system that were revealed to enhance with the permeability and the great properties of the nanofluid. Nevertheless, this thermal enhanced pattern is shown to degrade with strong Hartmann values, which also reduced both thermal and viscous entropies. Therefore, it is advised to minimize the magnetic influence to promote better heat exchange.

The investigation of irreversibilities in nanofluids heat transfer is an important topic of research with practical implications for the design and optimization of heat transfer systems. The study’s findings can help improve the performance and efficiency of these systems, as well as contribute to the development of sustainable energy technologies. The study also offers an intriguing approach that evaluates entropy growth in this unusual configuration with several parameters, which has the potential to transform our understanding of complicated fluid dynamics and thermodynamic processes, and at the end obtain the best thermal configuration possible.

This study aims to study the mixed convection flow and heat transfer of Al₂O₃-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid over a vertical plate. Governing equations for conservation of mass, momentum and energy for the hybrid nanofluid over a vertical flat plate are introduced.

The similarity transformation approach is used to transform the set of partial differential equations into a set of non-dimensional ordinary differential equations. Finite-deference with collocation method is used to integrate the governing equations for the velocity and temperature profiles.

The results show that dual solutions exist for the case of opposing flow over the plate. Linear stability analysis was performed to identify a stable solution. The stability analysis shows that the lower branch of the solution is always unstable, while the upper branch of the solution is always stable. The results of boundary layer analysis are reported for the various volume fractions of composite nanoparticles and mixed convection parameter. The outcomes show that the composition of nanoparticles can notably influence the boundary layer flow and heat transfer profiles. It is also found that the trend of the variation of surface skin friction and heat transfer for each of the dual solution branches can be different. The critical values of the mixed convection parameter, λ, where the dual solution branches joint together, are also under the influence of the composition of hybrid nanoparticles. For instance, assuming a total volume fraction of 5 per cent for the mixture of Al₂O₃ and Cu nanoparticles, the critical value of mixing parameter of λ changes from −3.1940 to −3.2561 by changing the composition of nanofluids from Al₂O₃ (5 per cent) + Cu (0%) to Al₂O₃ (2.5%) + Cu (2.5 per cent).

The mixed convection stability analysis and heat transfer study of hybrid nanofluids for a stagnation-point boundary layer flow are addressed for the first time. The introduced hybrid nanofluid model and similarity solution are new and of interest in both mathematical and physical points of view.

This study aims to carry out an analysis for flow and heat transfer of a new hybrid nanofluid over a vertical flat surface embedded in a saturated porous medium with anisotropic permeability at high Rayleigh number. Here the hybrid nanofluid is considered as the working fluid, with different kinds of small particles in nanoscale being suspended.

The generalized homogenous model is introduced to describe the behaviors of hybrid nanofluid. Within the framework of the boundary layer approximations, the governing equations embodying the conservation equations of total mass, momentum and thermal energy are reduced to a set of fully coupled ordinary differential equations via relevant scaling transformations. A flow stability analysis is performed to examine the behavior of convective heat energy. Accurate solutions are obtained by means of a very efficient homotopy-based package BVPh 2.0.

Results show that the linear correlations of physical quantities among the base fluid and its suspended nanoparticles are adequate to give accurate results for simulation of behaviors of hybrid nanofluids. Heat enhancement can be also fulfilled by hybrid nanofluids. A flow stability analysis suggests the heat-related power index m > −1/3 for satisfying the increasing behavior of convective heat energy.

Free convection of a hybrid nanofluid near a vertical flat surface embedded in a saturated porous medium with anisotropic permeability is investigated for the first time. The simplified hybrid nanofluid model is proposed for describing nanofluid behaviors. The results of this proposed approach agree well with those given by the traditional hybrid nanofluid model and experiment. It is expected that, by using different combinations of various kinds of nanoparticles, the new generation of heat transfer fluids can be fabricated, which possess similar thermal-physical properties as regular nanofluids but with lower cost.

This study focuses on the structural performance assessment of hybrid polymer composites for pick-and-place robot grippers used in critical infrastructure. This research involved the creation of composite materials with different nanoparticle concentrations, followed by extensive testing to assess the mechanical properties of the materials, such as strength, stiffness and durability.

The composites comprised bidirectional interply inclined carbon fibers (C), S-glass fibers (SG), E-glass (EG), an epoxy matrix and silica nanoparticles (SNiPs). During construction, the composite materials must be carefully layered using quasi-static sequence techniques (45°C1/45°SG2/45°EG2/45°C1/45°EG2/45°SG2/45°C1) to obtain the epoxy matrix reinforcement and bonding using 0, 2, 4 and 6 wt. % of silica nanoparticles.

According to various test findings, the 4 wt. % of SNiPs added to polymer plates exhibits the maximum strength outcomes. The average results of the tensile and flexural tests for the polymer composite plates with 4 wt. % addition SNiPs were 127.103 MPa and 223.145 MPa, respectively. The average results of the tensile and flexural tests for the plates with 0 wt.% SNiPs were 115.457 MPa and 207.316 MPa, respectively.

The authors hereby attest that the research paper they have submitted is the result of their own independent and unique labor. All of the sources from which the thoughts and passages were derived have been properly credited. The work has not been submitted for publication anywhere and is devoid of any instances of plagiarism.

1. The study enhances the engineering materials for innovative applications.

2. The study explores the mechanical behavior of carbon/S-glass/E-glass fiber composites.

3. Silica nanoparticles were enhancing mechanical characteristics of the composite structure.

The study enhances the engineering materials for innovative applications.

The study explores the mechanical behavior of carbon/S-glass/E-glass fiber composites.

Silica nanoparticles were enhancing mechanical characteristics of the composite structure.

The article focuses on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) convective flow of MoS₂-SiO₂ /ethylene glycol (EG) hybrid nanofluid. The effectiveness of Hall current, periodically heating wall and shape factor of nanoparticles on the magnetized flow of hybrid nanocomposite molybdenum disulfide- silicon dioxide (MoS₂-SiO₂) suspended in ethylene glycol (EG) in a vertical rotating channel under the influence of strong magnetic dipole (Hall effect) and thermal radiation is assessed. One of the channel walls has an oscillatory temperature gradient. Four different shapes (i.e. brick, cylinder, platelet and blade) of nanoparticles disseminated in base fluid (EG) are considered for simulation of the flow.

The analytical solution of governing equations has been presented. Influences of emerging physical parameters on the velocity and temperature profiles, the shear stresses and the rate of heat transfer are pointed out and discussed via graphs and tables.

The analysis revealed that Hall parameter has suppressing behavior on the velocity profiles within the rotating channel. The impact of nanoparticle shape factor advances the temperature characteristics significantly in the rotating channel. Brick-shape nanoparticles put up relatively low-temperature distribution in the rotating channel. The Hall parameter reduces the amplitudes of the shear stresses at the channel wall. However, the radiation parameter enhances the amplitude of the rate of heat transfer at the channel wall.

The important technical advantage of hybrid composition of nanoparticles as a drug carrier is its stability, high thermal conductivity, high load carrying capacity, etc. The proposed model may be beneficial in biomedical engineering, automobile parts, mineral and cleaning oils manufacturing, rubber and plastic industries.

To the best of our knowledge, there is little or no report on the aspects of assessment of the effectiveness of Hall current and nanoparticle shape factor on an MHD flow and heat transfer of an electrically conducting MoS₂-SiO₂/EG ethylene glycol-based hybrid nanofluid confined in a vertical channel with periodically varying wall temperature subject to a rotating frame. The present work furnishes a robust benchmark for the dynamics of nanofluids.

This study aims to numerically scrutinize the entropy generation minimization and mixed convective heat transfer of multi-walled carbon nanotubes–Fe₃O₄/water hybrid nanofluid flow in a lid-driven square enclosure with heat generation in the presence of a porous layer on inner surfaces, considering local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) approach and the non-Darcy flow model.

The dimensionless governing equations for hybrid nanofluid and solid phases are solved by applying the finite volume method and semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations algorithm.

The roles of the internal heat generation in the porous layer, LTNE model and nanoparticles volume fraction on mixed convection phenomenon and entropy generation are introduced for lid-driven cavity hybrid nanofluid flow. Based on the investigation of entropy generation and heat transfer, the minimum total entropy generation and average Nusselt numbers are found at 1 ≤ Ri ≤ 10 where the effect of the forced and free convection flow directions being opposite each other is very significant. When considering various nanoparticle volume fractions, it becomes evident that the minimum entropy generation occurs in the case of φ = 0.1%. The outcomes of LTNE number reveal the operating parameters in which thermal equilibrium occurs between hybrid nanofluid and solid phases.

The analysis of entropy generation under various shear and buoyancy forces plays a significant role in the suitable thermal design and optimization of mixed convective heat transfer applications. This research significantly contributes to the optimization of design and the advancement of innovative solutions across diverse engineering disciplines, such as packed-bed thermal energy storage and thermal insulation.