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Based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), this paper aims to investigate the effects of residents’ place attachment (PA), subjective norms (SNs) and perceived behavioural control (PBC) on their attitudes towards behaviour (AB) and behavioural intention to support tourism (BI). This paper aims to examine whether residents’ AB mediate the relationships between BI and PA, SNs and PBC.

The results are obtained using a quantitative method based on data gathered from self-administered questionnaires completed by 406 residents of Hongcun, a Chinese traditional village.

The TPB is successfully used to explain Chinese traditional village residents BI. The findings extend the extant research and render the TPB more widely applicable. This study confirms that the inclusion of PA within the framework of the TPB is valid and satisfactory, demonstrating continued support for the coupling of complementary theories to explain tourism development from a resident perspective. Finally, this study extends the literature on residents’ PA and demonstrates its impact on their attitudes and consequent reactions, thus supplementing the limited evidence on PA as a direct predictor of residents’ BI. Specifically, SNs are the critical factor affecting residents’ AB and their BI. Residents’ AB only mediate the relationship between SNs and their BI.

This paper only includes PA within the framework of the TPB. More constructs should be incorporated to deepen the understanding of residents’ BI. In addition, the data were only collected in a traditional village.

This paper is one of the first studies to combine PA with the TPB in research on residents’ BI in a developing country – in this instance, China.

摘要

基于计划行为理论, 本研究探索了传统村落居民之地方依恋、主观规范和感知行为控制对于其行为态度和支持旅游行为意向的影响作用; 同时本研究亦探究了居民之行为态度在地方依恋、主观规范和感知行为控制与其支持旅游行为意向之间的中介作用。

本研究采用定量的研究方法, 对从中国传统村落——宏村所收集到的406份有效问卷进行统计分析, 形成结论。

本研究发现计划行为理论能够成功解释中国传统村落居民支持旅游行为意向, 进一步拓展了该理论的运用范围。首先, 本研究将地方依恋纳入计划行为理论, 构筑两者之间的理论联系, 打通了原本相互之间独立的两个理论之间的理论逻辑关联, 为后续的相关领域的研究提供了更加扎实的理论依据; 其次, 本研究也进一步拓展已有关于居民地方依恋的研究, 也进一步验证了其对于居民行为态度和支持旅游行为意向的影响作用; 最后, 主观规范在对于居民的行为态度和支持旅游行为意向施最为重要的一个影响因素, 同时主观规范还可以通过行为态度间接影响支持旅游行为意向。

本研究仅仅将地方依恋纳入计划行为理论, 应当考虑将更多的影响因素纳入研究范畴, 同时, 本研究的样本仅仅在宏村一地收集, 后续研究应该扩大案例地的范围进行样本的收集。

本研究是为数不多的将地方依恋纳入计划行为理论研究框架, 来探索发展中国家居民支持旅游行为意向的研究之一。

Basando en la teoría de la conducta planificada, este texto investiga los efectos de apego a un lugar, normas subjetivas y control conductual percibido de los residentes sobre sus actitudes hacia la conducta y hacia la intención conductual para apoyar el turismo. Este texto también examina si las actitudes de residentes hacia la conducta intervienen las relaciones entre la intención conductual para apoyar el turismo y apego a un lugar, normas subjetivas y control conductual percibido.

Los resultados se obtienen usando un método cuantitativo basado en los datos recopilados de los cuestionarios autoadministrados completados por 406 residentes de Hongcun, un pueblo tradicional de china.

La teoría de la conducta planificada está utilizada exitosamente para explicar la intención conductual de los residentes de pueblo tradicional de China hacia el apoyo al turismo. Estas conclusiones extienden la investigación existente y deje que la conducta planificada sea aplicada más ampliamente. Este estudio confirma que la inclusión del apego al lugar dentro del marco de la teoría de la conducta planificada es válida y satisfactoria, demostrando el apoyo continuo para el acoplamiento de las teorías complementarias para explicar el desarrollo del turismo a partir de una perspectiva de residente. Finalmente, esta investigación extiende la literatura en el apego al lugar de los residentes y demuestra su impacto en sus actitudes y reacciones consecuentes, complementando así la evidencia limitada en el apego al lugar como un índice de previsión directo de la intención conductual sobre el apoyo al turismo. Especialmente, las normas subjetivas son factores clave que afectan las actitudes de los residentes hacia la conducta y su intención conductual sobre el apoyo al turismo. Las actitudes de los residentes hacia la conducta sólo intervienen la relación entre las normas subjetivas y su intención conductual sobre el apoyo al turismo.

Este texto sólo incluye el apego al lugar dentro del marco de la teoría de la conducta planificada. Se debería incorporar más constructos para profundizar la comprensión sobre la intención conductual de los residentes sobre el apoyo al turismo. Además, los datos sólo fueron recopilados en un pueblo tradicional.

Este texto es uno de los estudios líderes que combina el apego al lugar con la teoría de la conducta planificada para investigar la intención conductual de los residentes sobre el apoyo al turismo en un país en desarrollo - en esta instancia, China.

This study aims to take boutique luxury hotels as its research subject to enrich the view on the self-positioned image of luxury hotels and simultaneously compare this image with the one perceived by customers. It also investigates whether a gap exists between the two images.

The best-rated boutique luxury hotel in Hong Kong is selected as the case hotel. Through the interpretation and discussion of high-frequency wordlists and semantic co-occurrence network charts, major topics in the hotel’s self-presented image and customers’ perceived image are identified accordingly.

Five dimensions (event making, exquisite food, excellent amenities and services, special function venue and promotion) used by hotels to form their boutique luxury image are recognised. Between hotels’ self-positioned image and customers’ perceived images, minor similarities such as the recognition of excellent amenities and services were confirmed but considerable differences were identified, indicating the ineffective marketing by the boutique luxury hotel despite its success in terms of ranking. Managerial suggestions on how to address the image discrepancy were proposed.

This study contributes insights into hotel image discrepancy among social media platforms in luxury hotel segments by adding the category of boutique luxury hotels. It also identifies the implications for enhancing the development of a hotel image to meet customers’ needs and expectations.

酒店的自我定位形象与顾客感知形象——以香港某精品豪华酒店为例

本研究试图以精品豪华酒店为研究对象, 丰富豪华酒店自我定位形象的视角, 同时将其与顾客感知的形象进行比较, 考察二者之间是否存在差距。

本文选取香港评分最佳的精品豪华酒店为案例酒店。通过对高频词表和语义共现网络图的解读和讨论, 识别出酒店自我呈现形象和顾客感知形象中的主要话题。

酒店利用五个维度（活动打造、精致的食物、优质的设施和服务、特殊的功能场所和促销）来塑造其精品豪华形象。在酒店的自我定位形象和顾客的感知形象之间, 发现了一些细微的相似之处, 如对优质设施和服务的认可, 但差异之处相当大, 表明尽管精品豪华酒店取得了优秀的排名, 但其营销效果不佳。本文提出了解决形象差异的管理建议。

本研究通过增加精品豪华酒店类别的案例, 有助于深入了解豪华酒店细分市场中社交媒体平台之间的酒店形象差异。本文还确定了促进酒店形象发展的影响, 以满足客户需求和期望。

Imagen auto-posicionada del hotel versus imagen percibida por los clientes: un estudio de caso de un hotel boutique de lujo en Hong Kong.

Este estudio se esfuerza por tomar a los hoteles boutique de lujo como tema de investigación para profundizar en el conocimiento sobre la imagen de los hoteles de lujo y compar el posicionamiento presentado por el hotel con el que perciben los clientes. También investiga si existe una brecha entre las dos imágenes.

Para el caso se selecciona el mejor hotel de lujo calificado en Hong Kong. A través de la interpretación y discusión de listas de palabras de alta frecuencia y gráficos de redes de coincidencia semántica se identifican los principales temas en la imagen presentada por el hotel y la imagen percibida de los clientes.

Se reconocen cinco dimensiones (creación de eventos, comida exquisita, excelentes comodidades y servicios, lugar de funciones especiales y promoción) utilizadas por los hoteles para formar su imagen de lujo boutique. Entre la imagen auto-posicionada de los hoteles y las imágenes percibidas por los clientes, se confirmaron pequeñas similitudes, como el reconocimiento de excelentes comodidades y servicios, pero se identificaron diferencias considerables, lo que indica la comercialización ineficaz del hotel boutique de lujo a pesar de su éxito en términos de clasificación. Se propusieron sugerencias gerenciales sobre cómo abordar la discrepancia de imagen.

Este estudio aporta información sobre la discrepancia de imagen del hotel entre las plataformas de redes sociales en los segmentos de hoteles de lujo al agregar la categoría de hoteles boutique de lujo. También identifica las implicaciones para mejorar el desarrollo de una imagen de hotel que satisfaga las necesidades y expectativas del cliente.

Enlightened by the theoretical framework of adapted protection motivation, this study aims to explore and assess the viability and resilience of hospitality consumption in the ongoing Covid-19 era as embodied in the activity of staycation, which is gaining popularity as a rare escape from the hemming in of the pandemic.

This study collects data from staycation guests in Hong Kong, which at the time was under semi-lockdown imposing compulsory quarantine for inbound visitors. The data was analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM).

It is revealed by the study results that staycation experiences in Hong Kong are underpinned by a full mediating effect between place attachment and experience quality is performed by sense of presence, together with consolidation of experience quality and psychological detachment as tenable mediators in the research model. Aside from the utilitarian and hedonic values, hospitality and tourism consumption have been engrained with profound socio-cultural implications congenial to the collective identities, recollection and contemplation of a civilized society, with the Covid-19 era and the foreseeable future expected to be no exception.

The results of this study can serve as reference regarding better planning and development of the staycation product as effective responses against the grave repercussions of the Covid-19 pandemic by hotel and hospitality practitioners and destination marketers and managers at large. In particular, the pandemic has inadvertently availed the opportunity for the destinationalization of the hotel and hospitality sector, with rich implications for industrial consolidations and coordination with destination authorities.

The holistic structural research model derived and empirically examined entails major antecedents and consequences of the experience quality of staycation guests in locked-down Hong Kong, with the incorporation of the variables of place attachment and extended conceptualization of sense of presence accounting for the efficacy factors of the staycation takers in terms of locality and recollection appraisals, respectively. This study enriches theoretical articulations on staycation as the new normal of hospitality consumption in the lingering pandemic era.

This research paper aims to explore whether and how perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) influences employee-associated outcomes in ways that are controllable by managers. Drawing from the theories of self-determination and social identity, this study investigates the mediating effects of psychological needs fulfillment and organizational identification in exploring the mechanisms that link perceived CSR to employee job performances of Chinese state-owned tourism companies.

Survey was used to collect original data from ten Chinese state-owned tourism companies to examine the proposed model. Data was analyzed through structural equation modeling.

Employees’ perceptions of CSR are found to demonstrate significantly effective associations with their job performance. Moreover, results support that the influences of CSR on staff’s job performance are also conveyed through psychological needs fulfillment (competence) and organizational identification (i.e. cognitive identification and affective identification).

Findings not only provide strategic ideas and operational tactics for tourism managers to devise CSR strategies and allocate CSR resources but also offer inspirations to integrate CSR initiatives with human resource management strategies.

This study diverts the research of CSR from the organizational level to the individual level. This study also explores the mechanism of psychological needs fulfillment and organizational identification underlying processes in the employee perceptions of CSR–job performance linkages.

This study aims to uncover women’s career advancement (CA) in the hospitality industry, by examining the influence of female employees’ career expectation (CE) and work–family balance (WFB). It also investigated the extent to which organizational commitment (OC) mediates the relationships among women’s CE, WFB and CA.

A questionnaire was used to collect data. The data were collected from 525 hotel female employees in China. A structural equation model was conducted with all of the data to test the relationships between the constructs. The individual measurement model was tested using the exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. A structural model was estimated using analysis of moment structures to test all the hypotheses.

The results showed that women’s CE and WFB positively influenced their OC and CA. Women’s organizational commitment also positively influenced their CA. The results also confirmed that the indirect effect of CE and WFB on CA was mediated by OC.

This study examines how the CE and work–family relationships of female employees in the hospitality industry affect their OC and their CA. The results help female employees to overcome the glass ceiling effect and achieve greater career success. This study seeks to expand the research on the CA of female hotel employees by identifying the factors that influence their CA.

The aim of this study is to examine the roles of social identity and perceived cultural distance in forming the attitude of Hong Kong residents toward the relaxation of the individual visit scheme (IVS).

Face-to-face interviews with local Hong Kong residents were conducted. A total of 24 respondents’ interviews were qualified for qualitative analysis using the snowball sampling technique.

The perceived positive and negative impacts, social identity and perceived cultural distance of Hong Kong residents were important in explaining their attitude toward tourism development. Perceived cultural distance influenced both the perceived negative impacts and social identity of residents, which, in turn, affected their attitude toward mainland Chinese tourists and tourism development.

The sample size for the interviews was relatively small; however, it was acceptable for qualitative studies.

First, the Hong Kong Government should enhance civic education among mainland Chinese tourists to reduce their cultural conflicts with Hong Kong residents. Second, the Hong Kong Government should enhance national education among Hong Kong residents to mitigate the negative influence of the relaxation of the IVS.

This study sheds light on the roles of perceived cultural distance and social identity in the attitude of residents toward tourism development, thus narrowing research gaps. Moreover, the current study applies an intercultural-interaction perspective, social identity theory, common in-group identity theory and social distance theory to understand resident attitude toward tourism development.

The purpose of this research is to explore and understand the effects of excessive tourism growth on public health, local people and the ecosystem. The secondary purpose of the study is to link excessive tourism growth to social exchange theory, in terms of interchanging key resources of tourism destinations.

This is an exploratory study where qualitative research methods are employed. Telephone interview technique is used to obtain data from academicians who work at various universities in Turkey. Content analysis and thematic analysis with an inductive approach are made by use of MAXQDA software program.

Findings reveal that the satisfaction of local people is an important gain in terms of the economy, but the destruction of the ecosystem due to the excessive crowd, in a sense, overtourism, garbage and too much waste is striking disadvantage based on the responses. Risk of contagious disease, effects on the natural environment and wastes are stated to have huge impacts on the public health and ecosystem.

The study identifies some implications in terms of imbalance and unfairness among the locals who face with excessive crowds. Managing the effects of excessive tourism growth on vulnerable destinations and local people, controlling the carrying capacity in destinations with anxiety, fear, depression, health problems and low living standards should be taken under consideration. Additionally, finding ways to get rid of infectious diseases (such as increasing health checkpoints at borders, investigating the carrying capacity of destinations) is important for tourism spots.

As a major theoretical contribution, this study links excessive tourism growth to social exchange theory and reveals that the degree of exchanging valuable resources in the destination and the level of interaction between locals and tourists are the most critical points for the well-being of the local community and ecosystem.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the application of the nascent corporate opportunity doctrine in China by comparison with its well-established English counterpart; in particular, it evaluates whether the fine balance between business integrity and business efficiency has been struck.

It is argued that the scope of application of the corporate opportunity doctrine in China should be extended, and the rules on the burden of proof should be amended. Moreover, a stricter approach should be adopted by the Chinese judiciary for the purpose of protecting the company’s interests and enhancing business integrity.

This paper mainly focuses on the corporate opportunity doctrine. It does not discuss other duties of directors in detail.

It is useful for directors in balancing business integrity and business efficiency.

It is an original piece of work which assesses the corporate opportunity doctrine by making comparison with English law.