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Liberalisation and deregulation of financial markets, lower currency volatility and the introduction of the euro have reduced transaction and bankruptcy costs for multinationals in Europe. Internal European transfers of cash have become easier and cheaper. This has enabled the centralisation of cash management activities. The centralisation at headquarters of multinational enterprises has also opened the road to financial disintermediation. These trends may have helped to create conglomerate benefits in Europe. The case of the cash management at the Netherlands‐based Royal Philips Electronics is used to illustrate these tendencies.

Presents results of a two‐year trial, undertaken by the ADONIS Consortium, in which CD‐ROM containing facsimile images of pages of articles, abstracts, editorials, letters and other items from 219 biomedical journals were delivered to document supply centres. Shows sufficient potential for the members of the ADONIS Consortium to introduce a commercial service.

The paper aims to outline and analyse some important elements of institutional capital and their potential effect on sustainable development.

The paper presents four elements of institutional capital: public domain, institutional strength, good governance, and institutional equilibrium. The choice of these elements and the analysis of their economic, social and environmental impacts are based on literature study and interpretation and extension of existing analyses which rather focus on either economic or environmental issues.

The main argument of the paper is that institutional capital is a fundament of sustainable development, and that a lack of such capital is likely to cause unsustainable development.

The paper creates a general theoretical basis that may be a useful background for developing policy based on a system approach.

New institutional economics has often been used to analyse institutional determinants of economic growth and, to a lesser extent, to elaborate conditions for environmental protection and social development. The paper has tried to integrate and extend existing theory, focusing on economic activity, natural resource use and negative externalities, into a more general framework presenting the fundamental importance of social and economic order (institutional capital) for achieving sustainable development.

The synthesis and chemistry of nitrogen heterocyclic azo compounds have been extensively studied. Many derivatives of this type were proved to be excellent dyes. Presents a systematic and comprehensive survey of all recently synthesised nitrogen heterocyclic azo dyes according to dyeing methods.