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This chapter highlights the plight of refugees and the strategies and policies crafted by international agencies and non-governmental institutions in providing better access to education especially for refugee children. The chapter explores some of the key terminologies that distinguish refugees from asylum seekers and internally displaced person. The terminologies are significant as the opportunities and facilities handed out differ significantly depending on their status. The chapter then talks about some of the policies toward imparting education and the school- and system-level factors responsible for accessing education. The last section of the chapter summarizes the overview of various chapters that will feature in this volume, talking about cases and interventions from Malawi to Australia.

This article examines the essence of the New Age movement: its reservations about the Judaic‐Christian heritage, its pantheistic/monistic orientation, its individualism, its search for the mystical experience, its skepticism of modern science and technology, its openness to androgyny, its ecumenicalism, and its prediction of a new dispensation. The article traces the New Age predecessors and influences: gnosticism, the Catholic potpourri, romanticism, the writings of C.G. Jung, and Theosophy. It speculates that the movement’s influence – given its individualism, skepticism of structure and organization, and hostility toward modern methodology – will be implicit and indirect. Finally, it notes the ambivalence of the core ideology, lending itself to both “progressive” and “non‐progressive” interpretation.

Commencing with publications in the 1970s, the purpose of this paper is to review the historical writing about Australian and New Zealand teachers over the past 50 years.

The paper incorporates men and women who led and taught in domestic spaces, per-school, primary, secondary and higher education. It is structured around publications in the ANZHES Journal and History of Education Review, and includes research published in other forums as appropriate. The literature review is selective rather than comprehensive.

Since the 1980s, the history of New Zealand and Australian teachers has mostly focussed on women educators in an increasing array of contexts, and incorporated various theoretical perspectives over time.

The paper highlights key themes and identifies potential directions for research into Australian and New Zealand teachers.

The purpose of this chapter is to identify African financial management practices, highlight their origin and explain how they differ from their Western counterparts. The study identified indigenous African financial practices using literature review, archival sources and library research covering the five areas of Africa comprising Northern Africa, Eastern Africa, Central Africa Western Africa and Southern Africa. The study found out that pre-colonial indigenous African financial management features prevalent use of trade finance, trade credit management, investment management and accounting. While there is also evidence of modification of Western financial management practices to suit African contexts, it is on the whole scarce. This is suggestive of the fact that they were in existence in the first instance. The clear conclusion is that many indigenous African financial management practices pre-dated and foreshadowed their Western counterparts. Yet, it is confounding that this has been largely lost sight of, and both scholars and financial management practitioners depict the former as inferior. There is clearly a need to remedy this situation. Educators need to focus on incorporating ethno-finance concepts into the entire curricula chain from basic to higher education. The anchor point for such curricula is Ubuntu philosophy. Financial management practitioners, on their part, need to shed notions that the indigenous practices are inferior and seek to journalise their day-to-day work experiences to build a body of documented practice.

Fundamental hospital management reforms, enacted in 1990, focus on competition for National Health Service (NHS) contracts between public and private hospitals and the option of self‐governing trust status for NHS hospitals. The need to challenge the status quo in the NHS is discussed. Initiatives leading to self‐governance are reviewed. The Freeman Hospital′s model for the cultural change which is prerequisite to self‐governance is presented. The Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, a national pilot site selected by the NHS Management Executive to develop new management systems and practices, is among the first self‐governing hospital trusts in the NHS.

Problem librarianship in weeding book collections has reached epidemic proportions with serious short‐ and long‐range ramifications for everyone, especially for scholars in the humanities. Although a number of books and articles in recent years have set forth eminently sensible rationales for such weeding, deselection, or deaccessioning (as it is variously called), in actual practice pragmatism shaped by funding exigencies and a new business mentality among librarians generally pro‐duces disturbing results. The business viewpoint has brought fundamental shifts in how things are done, and as Larry N. Osborne suggests in “Hassling Memorials” (Library Journal 662, March 15, 1978), many librarians feel that “strategically the best thing they can do is load the board with young management types.” Such trustees, most of whom slid through school without Latin and maybe without French, and without much history, art, music, or literature either, are doubtless akin to many of the young librarians themselves, if you view the MLS as a weak academic credential. For managers, performance is the bottom line, and it is reflected in numbers—numbers of book circulated, numbers of books requested that are available in a given library, numbers of users of one collection of books within a library vis‐a‐vis other collections, even the cost of keeping a book in the library for a year figured by dividing the library budget by the number of volumes on the shelves. Not many people want to know that it costs $2.47 to keep Athenaeus on the shelves if nobody is reading Athenaeus. Such managers may value an attractive dust jacket over what is inside the book, preferring a small, easy‐to‐carry corrupt text over a ponderous definitive edition.

We started our exploration of the notion of excessive teacher/faculty entitlement with the metaphor of digging. In this final chapter, we assemble the major themes that the international scholars in this book unearthed. This comprehensive review helps us take stock of where we started (came from) and to position us where we are at. It also opens up for further consideration where we are going. A plotline emerges for thinking about teacher support in ways that eschew entitled feelings and promotes a beneficial sense of self-esteem, moral value and professional responsibility that needs nurturing as new challenges in the field unfold.

The article focuses on varying protest intensities of social movement activists in an authoritarian political environment. Drawing on a sample of participants in El Salvador's El movimiento popular, the paper examines how structural location in the resistance movement's multi-sectoral organizational infrastructure shapes the level of participation. Those motivated by state repression and maintaining multiple or cross-sectoral organizational ties exhibited higher levels of protest participation. The findings suggest that more attention be given to how the multi-sectoral network structure of opposition coalitions induces micro-mobilization processes of individual participation in high-risk collective action.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a contextual and general overview of intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) in Nigeria.

The paper uses a chronological approach, providing an assessment of the understanding and treatment of people with IDD from the pre-colonial era to the present.

Nigeria has experienced a different historical path in terms of treatment and service provision for people with IDD compared to industrialised and developing countries such as the UK and Brazil.

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa with an emerging economy and thus important to review the treatment and social inclusion of people with IDD in the country’s development.