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Article
Publication date: 5 December 2016

Mehmet Ozkaymak, Selcuk Selimli, Durmus Kaya and Umit Uzun

The purpose of this paper is to study the fertility potential of the iron- and steel-making process waste granulated blast furnace slag to recover it as a beneficial product.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the fertility potential of the iron- and steel-making process waste granulated blast furnace slag to recover it as a beneficial product.

Design/methodology/approach

This slag fertilizer was mixed with organic fertilizer to enrich and dung the vegetable sets are pepper, lettuce and cucumbers.

Findings

In this study, 100 per cent granulated slag, 75 per cent granulated slag + 25 per cent fermented manure, 50 per cent granulated slag + 50 per cent fermented manure and 25 per cent granulated slag + 75 per cent fermented manure compositions were mixed with water and added to seeding pots. The growth rate of vegetable sets and also the level of contamination of heavy metals such as lead, copper, aluminum, mercury and cadmium were analyzed. The analyses results showed that contamination rates of lead, copper, aluminum, mercury and cadmium in lettuce and cucumber samples were in the range of acceptable levels for human health. Slag fertilizer enforced the set of growth rate and productivity, too.

Originality/value

By the recovery of the waste slag storage, transport and annihilation economical load on the industry would be eliminated, waste recovery contributes to the economical gaining and beneficial recovered products replace the need of fertility products.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. 13 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 15 January 2020

Virendra Kumar, Amit Kumar and Brajkishor Prasad

This paper aims to present an experimental investigation on the performances of alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete and Portland slag cement (PSC) concrete under the influence of…

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to present an experimental investigation on the performances of alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete and Portland slag cement (PSC) concrete under the influence of elevated temperature. In the present study, the alkali-activated binder contains 85% of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and 15% of powder blended as chemical activators.

Design/methodology/approach

For the purpose, standard size of cube, cylinder and prism have been cast for a designed mix of concrete. The AAS concrete specimens were kept for water as well as air curing. After attaining the maturity of 28 days, the samples were first exposed to different elevated temperatures, i.e. 100°C, 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, 700°C and 800°C. Later on, the tests were conducted on these samples to find the change in weight and the residual strength of the concrete.

Findings

After 500°C exposure, a considerable amount of the strength loss has been observed for AAS concrete. It has been evaluated that the performance of AAS concrete is better than that of the PSC concrete at elevated temperature.

Research limitations/implications

The present research work is being applied on the material for which the experimental result has been obtained.

Practical implications

The author has tried to develop a new type of binder by using steel industry waste material and then tested at elevated temperature to sustain at high temperatures.

Social implications

This research may give a social impact for developing mass housing project with a lower cost than that of using a conventional binder, i.e. cement.

Originality/value

A new type of binder material is being developed.

Details

Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, vol. 11 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-2317

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 4 December 2019

Аleksandr Viktorovich Zaichuk, Аleksandra Andreevna Amelina and Kostyantyn Mikhalovich Sukhyy

The purpose of this paper is to establish physical-chemical patterns and process parameters for obtaining low-temperature pink pigments with the structure of tin sphene using…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to establish physical-chemical patterns and process parameters for obtaining low-temperature pink pigments with the structure of tin sphene using granulated blast-furnace slag.

Design/methodology/approach

Thermodynamic calculations were made in the work to assess the probability of malayaite phase formation during firing of slag-containing pigments. Mineralogical composition of synthesized pigments was evaluated by X-ray phase analysis. Spectral characteristics of pigments absorption in the infrared region were determined with the use of Fourier IR-spectrometry. Colour characteristics of the developed pigments and glass coatings with their introduction were studied on the comparator colour. Density of ceramic pigments was determined by pycnometric method, and chemical resistance was found on their weight loss after boiling in 1 N hydrochloric acid solution and 1 N sodium hydroxide solution.

Findings

Peculiar features of formation of the mineralogical composition of pink pigments are studied in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-SnO2-Cr2O3 with the use of granulated blast-furnace slag. The end product and carrier of the pink colour is the solid solution on the basis of tin sphene. It is established that the most rational concentration of chromium (III) oxide for the formation of pink colouring of the pigments is 2 Wt.%.

Practical implications

The usage of developed pigments provides obtaining high-quality pink-coloured glaze coatings, in particular for ceramic tiles.

Originality/value

Activity of the components of blast-furnace slag in combination with the effective mineralizing action of B2O3 additive allows performing the firing of pink of the pigments with the formation of tin sphene at reduced temperature of 1,200°C.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 49 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 14 February 2022

Virendra Kumar and Rajesh Kumar Paswan

This paper attempted to study the alkali-activated (AA) binder consisting of 94% of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and 6% of blended powder of alkali metal hydroxide…

Abstract

Purpose

This paper attempted to study the alkali-activated (AA) binder consisting of 94% of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and 6% of blended powder of alkali metal hydroxide and metal sulfate, which acted as an activator.

Design/methodology/approach

Several concrete specimens (cubes, cylinders and prisms), which were casted using AA binders, were further tested for mechanical properties after exposure to elevated temperatures of 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C. Additionally, to understand the structural behavior in uniaxial compressive load, reinforced concrete short columns were cast, cured and tested at ambient temperature as well as after exposure to 300 °C, 600 °C and 900 °C, to know the residual strength after exposure to elevated temperature.

Findings

The findings for the residual strength of alkali-activated slag binder concrete (AASBC) indicated a substantial agreement with the results obtained for the residual strength of Portland slag cement (PSC) concrete, thereby showing the effectiveness of binder when used as a replacement of cement.

Originality/value

The study clearly indicates that the binder developed is an effective approach for the 100% replacement of cement in the concrete.

Details

Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, vol. 14 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-2317

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 30 June 2022

Kanagaraj M., Babu S., Sudhan Raj, Jonah N., Gusztáv Fekete and Christy T.V.

The main purpose of this study in the field of automotive brake friction material is to find an effective material to replace the environmentally hazardous copper in the brake pad…

102

Abstract

Purpose

The main purpose of this study in the field of automotive brake friction material is to find an effective material to replace the environmentally hazardous copper in the brake pad formulation.

Design/methodology/approach

Cu is used as functional filler in various forms in the friction material formulation. Because of its hazardous impact to the aquatic life, a suitable replacement of Cu is the main focus of this research. Three novel friction composite materials using ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as a suitable alternative for Cu were developed by increasing its Wt.% from 5% to 15% in the step of 5%.

Findings

The physical, mechanical and chemical properties of the developed friction composites were tested as per the industrial standards. The tribological properties were analyzed as per SAE J661 standard using the chase test rig. Initial studies revealed that the friction composite having 5% GGBFS exhibited better physical, mechanical and chemical properties with excellent frictional performance having minimal fluctuations even at higher temperatures. Nonetheless, the results showed that the friction composite containing 15 Wt.% GGBFS revealed a better wear resistance property compared with the other two composites due to the tribo lubricating layer formation at the frictional interface. Scanning electron microscope analysis was performed to understand the wear mechanism and tribo layer formations through topography studies.

Originality/value

This paper explains the influence of GGBFS as a replacement of barytes in brake pads formulation to enhance the tribological performance.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 74 no. 7
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 17 February 2020

Ghasem Pachideh and Majid Gholhaki

With respect to the studies conducted so far and lack of researches on the post-heat behavior of cement mortars containing pozzolanic materials, the purpose of this paper is to…

Abstract

Purpose

With respect to the studies conducted so far and lack of researches on the post-heat behavior of cement mortars containing pozzolanic materials, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the post-heat mechanical characteristics (i.e. compressive, tensile and flexural strength) of cement mortars containing granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS) and silica fume (SF). In doing so, selected temperatures include 25, 100, 250, 500, 700 and 9000c. Last, the X-ray diffraction test was conducted to study the microstructure of mixtures and subsequently, the results were presented as power-one mathematical relations.

Design/methodology/approach

Totally, 378 specimens were built to conduct flexural, compressive and tensile strength tests. Accordingly, these specimens include cubic and prismatic specimens with dimensions of 5 × 5 × 5 cm and 16 × 4 × 4 cm, respectively, to conduct compressive and flexural strength tests together with briquette specimen used for tensile strength test in which cement was replaced by 7, 14 and 21 per cent of SF and GBFS. To study the effect of temperature, the specimens were heated. In this respect, they were heated with a rate of 5°C/min and exposed to temperatures of 25 (ordinary temperature), 100, 250, 500, 700 and 900°C.

Findings

On the basis of the results, the most profound effect of using GBFS and SF, respectively, takes place in low (up to 250°C) and high (500°C and greater degrees) temperatures. Quantitatively, the compressive, tensile and flexural strengths were enhanced by 73 and 180 per cent, 45 and 100 per cent, 106 and 112 per cent, respectively, in low and high temperatures. In addition, as the temperature elevates, the particles of specimens containing SF and GBFS shrink less in size compared to the reference specimen.

Originality/value

The specimens were cured according to ASTMC192 after 28 days placement in the water basin. First, in compliance with what has been specified by the mix design, the mortar, including pozzolanic materials and superplasticizer, was prepared and then, the sampling procedure was conducted on cubic specimens with dimension of 5 × 5 × 5 mm for compressive strength test, prismatic specimens with dimensions of 16 × 4 × 4 mm for flexural strength test and last, briquette specimens were provided to conduct tensile strength tests (for each temperature and every test, three specimens were built).

Details

Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, vol. 11 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-2317

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 20 September 2019

Subhash Yaragal, Chethan Kumar B. and Manoj Uddavolu Abhinav

To reduce environmental impact caused by excessive use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and to mitigate scarcity of base materials such as natural coarse aggregate (NCA)…

Abstract

Purpose

To reduce environmental impact caused by excessive use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and to mitigate scarcity of base materials such as natural coarse aggregate (NCA), industrial by-products can be carefully used as alternatives to OPC and NCA, in production of concrete. This paper aims to describe the performance of using ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash (FA) as a complete replacement to OPC and ferrochrome slag (FCS) as replacement to NCA in production of novel FCS based alkali activated slag/fly ash concretes (AASFC) and evaluate their performance at elevated temperatures.

Design/methodology/approach

Two control factors with three levels each i.e. FA (0, 25 and 50 per cent by weight) and FCS (0, 50 and 100 per cent by volume) as a GGBS and NCA replacement, respectively, were adopted in AASFC mixtures. Further, AASFC mixture specimens were subjected to different levels of elevated temperature, i.e. 200°C, 400°C, 600°C and 800°C. Compressive strength and residual compressive strength were considered as responses. Three different optimization techniques i.e. gray relational analysis, technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution and Desirability function approach were used to optimize AASFC mixtures subjected to elevated temperatures.

Findings

As FA replacement increases in FCS based AASFC mixtures, workability increases and compressive strength decreases. The introduction of FCS as replacement to NCA in AASFC mixture did not show any significant change in compressive strength under ambient condition. AASFC produced with 75 per cent GGBS, 25 per cent FA and 100 per cent FCS was found to have excellent elevated temperature enduring properties among all other AASFC mixtures studied.

Originality/value

Although several studies are available on using GGBS, FA and FCS in production of OPC-based concretes, present study reports the performance of novel FCS based AASFC mixtures subjected to elevated temperatures. Further, GGBS, FA and FCS used in the present investigation significantly reduces CO2 emission and environmental degradation associated with OPC production and NCA extraction, respectively.

Article
Publication date: 5 May 2020

Niragi Dave, Vaishali Sahu and Anil Kumar Misra

The purpose of this work is to study the in-situ performance of ternary geopolymer concrete in road repair work. Geopolymer cement concrete is an attractive alternative to…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this work is to study the in-situ performance of ternary geopolymer concrete in road repair work. Geopolymer cement concrete is an attractive alternative to Portland cement concrete owing to environmental, economic and performance benefits. Industrial wastes, such as fly ash (FA) and ground granular blast furnace slag (GGBS), have been extensively used to manufacture unitary and binary geopolymer concrete with heat activation (at different temperature); however, it has indicated a limitation for its application in precast industry only.

Design/methodology/approach

In the present study, efforts have been made to produce a ternary geopolymer concrete mix, using GGBS, FA and Silica fumes (SF) in varied proportion mixed with 8 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as alkali activator and cured at ambient temperature. Total ten geopolymer concrete mixes have been prepared and tested for strength and durability properties and compared with control mix of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Based on the mechanical properties of various mixes, an optimum geopolymer concrete mix has been identified. The control mix and optimum geopolymer have been studied for microstructural properties through scanning electron microscopy.

Findings

The in situ performance of the optimum mix has been assessed when used as a road repair material on a stretch of road. The ternary geopolymer concrete mixes (a) 65% GGBS + 25% FA + 10% SF, (b) 70% GGBS + 20% FA + 10% SF, and (c) 75% GGBS + 15% FA + 10% SF have resulted in good strength at ambient temperature and the mix 75% GGBS + 15% FA + 10% SF have shown good in situ performance when tested for road repair work.

Originality/value

Geopolymer concrete is gaining interest in many fields as an alternative to conventional concrete, as it not only reduces carbon footprint due to huge cement production but also provides a sustainable disposal method for many industrial wastes. This paper focuses on finding some alternative of OPC concrete to reduce dependency on the OPC.

Details

Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology , vol. 18 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1726-0531

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 26 February 2019

Debabrata Dutta and Somnath Ghosh

This paper aims to investigate the effect of delayed water curing on the mechanical and microstructural properties of fly ash-based geopolymer paste-blended with Ground Granulated…

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the effect of delayed water curing on the mechanical and microstructural properties of fly ash-based geopolymer paste-blended with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) with different rest periods.

Design/methodology/approach

The blended geopolymer paste was composed of GGBS (15 per cent of the total weight) and the base material, Fly Ash (FA). The blended mix was activated by activator solution (Sodium hydroxide and Sodium silicate) containing 6 per cent Na2O of total base material. The effect of delayed water curing has been studied by gradually increasing the aging period (Rest Period) from 2 hours to 24 hours in the formation of activated outcome along with Calcium Silicate Hydrate (CSH). To analyze the mechanical and microstructural properties of the resultant blended geopolymer paste, compressive strength test, FESEM and XRD have been carried out. Moreover, a long-term durability test subjected to sulphate exposure has been performed to evaluate the durability of the designed sustainable geopolymer paste.

Findings

The present paper shows that the delayed water curing incorporates secondary heat input enhancing the partial polymer formation along with CSH. Slag-blended AAFA-based geopolymer paste is seen to exhibit quick setting property. Also, AAFA-based geopolymer paste samples subjected to longer rest period show early strength gain at a high rate under water curing as compared to those subjected to the shorter rest period.

Originality/value

To the best of authors’ knowledge, the effect of delayed water curing on the mechanical and microstructural properties of slag-blended AAFA-based geopolymer paste has not been studied before.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. 16 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 14 September 2017

Khalid Al-Gahtani, Ibrahim Alsulaihi, Mohamed Ali and Mohamed Marzouk

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the sustainability benefits of using demolition and industrial wastes as a replacement for aggregates and cement in traditional concrete…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the sustainability benefits of using demolition and industrial wastes as a replacement for aggregates and cement in traditional concrete mixes.

Design/methodology/approach

Crushed concrete from demolition sites served as a replacement for fine and coarse aggregate in some of the mixes at various ratios. In addition, ground granulated blast furnace slag, metakaolin, silica fume, and fly ash each served as a cement replacement for cement content in the mixes tested in this research at various rates. Compression strength tests, permeability, and thermal expansion tests were performed on various mixes to compare their performance to that of traditional mixes with natural aggregate, and with no cement replacement.

Findings

The compressive strength results indicated the suitability of using such demolition wastes as replacements in producing green concrete (GC) without hindering its mechanical characteristics significantly. In addition, the results indicated an enhancement in the mechanical characteristics of GC when replacing cement with pozzolanic industrial wastes and byproducts.

Originality/value

The research assesses the utilization of sustainable GC using recycled waste aggregate and byproducts.

Details

Built Environment Project and Asset Management, vol. 7 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2044-124X

Keywords

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