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The High Density Packaging Users Group Consortium has conducted a study of process development and solder‐joint reliability of high‐density packages on printed circuit boards (PCB) using a low‐melting temperature lead‐free solder. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the reliability tests (e.g. temperature cycling and shock and vibration) and failure analysis (FA) of high‐density packages on PCB with the low‐melting temperature lead‐free solder (Sn‐57 wt%Bi‐1 wt%Ag).

The design for reliability, materials, and assembly process aspects of the project have been discussed in “Design, materials, and assembly process of high‐density packages with a low‐temperature lead‐free solder (SnBiAg)” also published in this journal issue. In this study, reliability tests (e.g. temperature cycling and shock and vibration) and FA of high‐density packages on PCB with the low‐melting temperature lead‐free solder (Sn‐57 wt%Bi‐1 wt%Ag) are investigated.

Lead‐free solder‐joint reliability of high‐density packages, such as the PBGA388, PBGA256, PBGA208, PBGA196, PBGA172, PQFP80, and TSSOP56 were determined by temperature cycling, shock, and vibration tests. Temperature cycling test data for over 8,100 cycles between 0 and 100°C in a 44 min. cycle were statistically analyzed. Shock and vibration test data based on the HP Standard Class Bi‐II Products SPEC have also been reported.

Currently there is a lack of experimental and simulation data and field experience in respect of one of the critical issues for industry – that of solder joint reliability in lead‐free soldering. The paper contains some important research results and recommendations.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the design, materials, and assembly process aspects of a study, conducted by The High Density Packaging Users Group Consortium, into process development and solder joint reliability of high‐density packages on printed circuit boards using a low‐melting temperature lead‐free solder (Sn‐57 wt%Bi‐1 wt%Ag).

The components studied include several SMT package types and various lead configurations. The assembly process addresses the low‐temperature lead‐free assembly process, inspection and analysis of these boards and packages.

It was found that, the assembly process of the SnBiAg lead‐free test boards is very robust and the assembly yield is almost 100 percent.

The paper is of value by presenting a description of the rationale and material set used for an experiment to test SMT assembly and reliability characteristics using the 57Bi‐42Sn‐1Ag alloy, which has a melting point of 139°C.

Under this heading published regularly abstracts of all Reports and Memoranda of the Aeronautical Research Council, Reports and Technical Memoranda of the United States National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and publications of other similar Research Bodies as issued.

The purpose of this paper is to report on a service evaluation of a competency-based dementia training programme for clinicians to establish its value in improving their knowledge and confidence of dementia care and to explore any resulting changes to practice.

Mixed method quantitative and qualitative data, using rating scales and focus group discussions (FGDs), were collected. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to analyse changes in the responses to the rating scales of knowledge and confidence and thematic analysis of FGDs was undertaken to identify staff perceptions of the impact of training on their practice.

In total, 162 qualified and clinical support staff undertook the training. A significant change in knowledge and confidence scores was found on all three scales. In general, feedback on the course was positive. Seven themes, demonstrating the relevance of the training to practice, emerged from the FGDs – experiential training awareness of diagnosis, approach, understanding, communication, risk, changed practice and going forward.

Providing competency-based dementia training for large numbers of staff can have a positive effect on the care delivered to patients with dementia.

Healthcare organisations have a responsibility to ensure their staff have the training to provide quality care for patients living with dementia. This paper suggests this can be achieved through a collaborative, multi-disciplinary approach involving co-production and best practice guidance.

Under this heading are published regularly abstracts of all Reports and Memoranda of the Aeronautical Research Council, Technical Reports and Translations of the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration and publications of other similar Research Bodies as issued.

Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) has long been involved in information systems development through the medium of action research. Its social constructivist paradigm and managerial focus distinguish it from most software engineering development approaches. Checkland’s underlying view of systems development, however, is heavily influenced by traditional waterfall models – something of a contradiction. This paper uses recent developments in SSM to develop a more appropriate systems development concept: the interaction‐transformation‐interaction (ITI) model. The model views systems development primarily as a social and managerial task, rather than a technical one. It was successfully used (in conjunction with developed forms of SSM which incorporate analysis based on structuration theory) to structure the development of an intranet in a university department. The experience led to a further series of reflections on the model.

Research abounds highlighting the differences between males and females when they travel. Even in business travel, these differences have been acknowledged, with suppliers and marketers spending significant money to develop and market products to accommodate them. The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether differences exist in terms of mobile application usage between male and female business travellers.

A mixed method approach is followed. An internet-based survey is distributed and in-depth interviews conducted with South African business travellers. The Mann–Whitney U-test is used to test the differences between males and females and their mobile application usage. Content analysis is used to analyse the interviews.

The results show that mobile applications are perceived as more important by females than males in all the phases of the travel cycle, although most of these differences in perceived importance were not significant.

Owing to the online data-collection method and the self-selective process, the findings cannot be generalised to the global population of business travellers who use mobile applications.

The results should caution corporate organisations, travel management companies and their application developers not to spend unnecessary technological and financial resources on developing applications to accommodate differences between males and females, which might not exist. Companies should rather spend money on developing applications that will enhance and add convenience to the business traveller’s experience.

The main contribution of this study lies in investigating the applications market, particularly in the context of business travel. Applications focussed on specific sectors of the tourism industry, such as business travel applications, serve business travellers differently from generic travel applications. This research examines business travel-specific applications and expands the scale and scope of the enquiry, concentrating on the travellers’ view.

本论文主要研究男人和女人在旅游中的行为区别。特别是在商务旅游中, 男女差别确实存在, 这也验证了供应商和营销商在开发营销产品中的针对性和区别性。本论文旨在验证是否男女商务旅游者对使用移动APP存在区别。

本论文采用混合采样方法。采样方式通过网络问卷和深度访谈, 采样群体为南非商务游客。本论文采取Mann–Whitney U检验来测试男女在移动APP使用上的区别。本论文还采取文本分析法来分析访问数据。

研究结果表明女性游客在各个旅游阶段都比男性游客对移动APP更看重, 而这些区别在统计计算上并没有获得显著效果。

由于线上采样和自助问卷的采样限制, 研究结果不能推广到全球商务旅客对于使用移动APP的态度。

研究结果可以警示企业机构、旅游管理公司、以及APP开发商不要花费不必要的科技和财力资源来迎合男女受众的需求。因为这个区别可能不存在。公司应该花费财力在开发APP上, 使得商旅客人的使用体验更加便捷。

本论文最重要的贡献就是研究了商旅APP市场。商旅APP区分于普通旅游APP。我们的研究检验了商旅客人APP以及扩展其度量和研究视野到旅游者的角度。

移动设备， 性别， 商务旅行， 商务旅行周期， 商务旅客， 移动商务旅行应用