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This study analyzes the structure of regional and global alli‐ance networks of multinationals. It examines the network structure of 172 Triad (U.S., Western European, and Japanese) multinationals during 2001‐2003 and how it affects subsequent corporate performance during 2004‐2006. We study a framework of regional/global strategies based on the social network view of relational ties among firms. Thus, we offer a new perspective to the growing literatures on the regional/global strategies and internationalization of alliance networks.

This paper analyzes the stock market reaction to global alliance formation in the Spanish context. For the purposes of this study, global alliances are those which are established with international partners in order to coordinate actions in several countries, seeking the development of complementary relationships on a global scale. Using a sample of 72 global alliances formed between 1987 and 1997 by Spanish firms listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange, it shows that the Spanish firms gained an average abnormal return of 0.2 percent on the day of the announcement.

In this paper we analyze the influence of transaction costs on the stock market reaction to global alliance formation. In particular, we analyze to what extent the stock market reacts negatively to the presence of attributes that increase motivation or coordination costs. We adopt a relational framework, analyzing the direct impact of these attributes not only on transaction costs but also on the potential synergies of the alliance and the incentives to invest in the relationship. Our results show that the stock market reacts negatively to transaction costs only in connection with free riding hazards.

Looks at the world airline industry, from 1978 to 1998, from a strategy perspective. Traces the strategic developments and the strategy responses of the key airline players that have had a profound impact on the shape and direction of the industry. These include the deregulation of the industry, the nature and extent of competition, the emergence of brand/differentiation based competition, and airline alliance developments, strategies and their implications. Also provides a glimpse of what the future will hold for the world airline industry, including the prospects of increased global market concentration and the emergence of mega consortia, comprising lead airlines from key regions of the world, on the global stage. These global consortia, which will marginalise other players, will also compete against each other on the basis of branding/differentiation.

This chapter describes how micro-locational factors affect international alliance formation. The authors focus specifically on the role of global cities, which are studied from a distance perspective. The authors argue that distances must be apprehended not at the country level but at the city level. The chapter is an attempt to provide a better understanding of the complex, multilevel factors that interact when firms select an alliance partner in a particular location. The authors take an explorative methodological approach through a configurational analysis of international alliances made by American companies in 2015. The main contribution is the proposition of a typology of micro-locational characteristics to help understand international alliance formation at a city level.

Examines global aspirations of operators that have chosen to increase their global reach via a process of take‐over rather then joint venture, considering their prospects. Discusses recent cell phone trends and concludes that it is difficult to pick winners at this point in history as their industry structure changes on an almost daily basis.

In his article ‘Regional strategies of service sector multinationals’, Rugman (2003) came to the conclusion that most MNEs in service industries are home region-based, i.e., they have more than 50% of their sales in the home region. In a more recent article, Rugman and Verbeke (2004) found that the vast majority of MNEs included in the Fortune 500, are home-region based. That was a surprising result, as the increasing economic interdependence among nations, the presence of substantial demand for high knowledge intensive goods and services throughout the triad of North America, the European Union and Asia, and the presence of large MNEs in each of the triad regions, all suggest that fierce rivalry for market share would take place throughout the triad. A transaction-cost economics explanation offered by Rugman and Verbeke (2005a) was that the required, location-specific linking investments are far more substantial when firms establish activities outside their home region than inside the home region. Linking investments are critical to permit the profitable deployment of the MNE's non-location bound FSAs across borders. Linking investments are necessary to develop or access location-bound FSAs in host countries (thus permitting national responsiveness), and sometimes to create new, recombined bundles of non-location bound FSAs (permitting increased economies of scale, scope or exploitation of national differences).

The purpose of this paper is to respond to the call of international marketing professionals for more studies on strategies that firms use in response to the complexities of interacting with other institutions in the emerging markets (EMs) of sub-Saharan Africa. The key research question investigated by employing the exploratory qualitative data gathered is: What strategies and global alliances do small local firms (SLFs) in Nigeria adopt to succeed under complex market conditions?

The methodology employed is exploratory qualitative research. The authors conducted extended interviews to generate rich case study data from the top management of the selected SLFs in Nigeria. The interview data were assessed using open, axial and selective coding to uncover macro-narratives that guide SLFs’ strategies and global alliances.

The macro-narratives derived from the qualitative case analysis reveal a theoretical framework centered on three major elements of competitive strategies in Nigeria: build global capacity and strategic alliances from the get-go; develop local strategic alliances; master matching alliance partners’ needs to create innovative payment plans and, when necessary, shift the transaction cost burden to alliance partners. Matching theory rather than traditional network theories is better at explicating SLFs’ alliances in Nigeria. Implementation of these strategies requires flexible strategic initiatives.

The study adapts institutional interaction theory, network theory, matching alliance perspective, trade credit theories and the literature on small firms’ strategies in EMs to explicate successful small local firm strategies and global alliances under complex market conditions in Nigeria. The recognition that SLFs regularly migrate and shift the burden of transactions’ cost to multiple stakeholders in the supply network by matching customers and supplier needs is important. The discovery of matching theory in explicating SLFs’ global alliances in Nigeria is unique to this study.

While the number of global alliance terminations in the business world has grown steadily during the past few decades, the scholarly literature on strategic alliance (SA) termination remains limited. This research paper aims to perform a bibliometric analysis of the literature on alliance termination and propose a model for future research agenda that links the termination phase to the pre-alliance termination phase and post alliance termination phase.

A search query on global alliance termination identified a total of 69 research papers from the Scopus database, and a bibliometric analysis was performed using the bibliometrix R-package and VOSviewer. The analysis further used the TCCM framework to review the set of papers.

This research analysis reveals that, compared to the pre-formation, formation, and process stages of alliances, limited research has been undertaken on global alliance termination. The bibliometric analysis and TCCM framework provide a complete view of the extant literature on global alliance termination from different dimensions and act as the which as the foundation for a developing the research agenda that links pre-alliance termination phase and post-alliance termination phase to that of alliance termination phase.

The proposed research agenda is unique as it integrates multiple phases in the alliance lifecycle with global alliance termination phase and develops a distinct view for future research that emphasizes on the post-alliance termination phase.

The bibliometric analysis provides a precise snapshot of the state of the literature on global alliance termination. The research agenda developed provides a direction for further academic research that links alliance termination not only to pre-alliance termination phase but also to the post-alliance termination phase that is nascently explored in the literature.

This study is among the few to review and synthesize the literature on global alliance termination. It, therefore, functions as a catalyst to draw global scholars' attention. Further, it provides global researchers with direction by proposing a global research agenda.

This paper aims at identifying practices that help managers to cope with two opposing forces related to global alliance management: the desirable gradual development of the alliance – due to time compression diseconomies in trust formation – and the need to accelerate this development in order to react quickly to the challenges of a global market. On the basis of a single case study, we show that several practices can be used to guarantee that acceleration does not put in danger either trust formation or other sources of relational rents.