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Suggests that the task of ensuring a high level of staff motivation requires from library managers a range of managerial, sociological and psychological skills for which they have had very little training, if any at all. These include effective communication with staff, the encouragement of good workplace relationships, the involvement of staff in the decision making process, helping staff to come to terms with change, promoting job rotation, recognising and rewarding initiative and providing relevant training for staff.

March 9, 10, 1970 Redundancy — Calculation of payment — Normal working hours — National agreement providing for remuneration based on shifts for a five‐day week — Provision for district or local arrangements to be negotiated “forthwith” for working additional shifts — Mineworker emloyed for 20 years as continuous shiftman on seven‐day week — Whether presumption that additional shifts arrangements made covering colliery or district in which situated — Continuity of operations ceasing — Employee working and paid for five‐day week — Whether consensual variation of contract of employment to be inferred — Contracts of Employment Act, 1963 (11 & 12 Eliz. II, c. 49), Sch. 2, para. 1 — Redundancy Payments Act, 1965 (c. 34), s. 1(1), Sch. 2(5)

The research in this paper is aimed at re‐engineering existing approaches to the analysis of proposed developments in local authorities – from land pricing to planning permission – hence reducing the loss of revenue in councils, and nurture property development.

This paper is a case study of seven city councils on the Copperbelt province of Zambia was conducted using the same template of questions.

The research found that councils had overly politicised management structure, static appraisal methods, poor market data capture, analysis and use. Additionally, councils did not use market data on property values; hence the existing analysis and appraisal systems are static and ineffective.

The paper shows that extracting current data from the councils proved a severe limitation.

The paper shows that councils can: learn how overly politicised their interdepartmental communication and data exchange is; enhance paper based systems of appraising proposed developments by adding established methods of project appraisal that can ease the collection, analysis and synthesis of construction business data used in the appraisal process; Employ, and support qualified personnel with adequate resources necessary to perform their duties professionally; make gradual improvements to existing systems within the cultural and political atmosphere of the council; and appraise proposed developments using accepted business approaches; just like private sector consultants do.

The research provides practical solutions that enhance professional appraisal techniques in councils of most underdeveloped countries, hence setting the basis upon which market driven strategies for nurturing property development can be made

Foreign governments do not always welcome international humanitarian organizations responding to a disaster in their country. Many governments even impose restrictions on humanitarian supply chains through import barriers, travel restrictions or excessive bureaucracy. The purpose of this paper is to analyze these restrictions and try to identify the government characteristics that best explain the tendency to impose such restrictions.

Through a multiple case study among four international humanitarian organizations the authors identify and analyze the restrictions imposed on humanitarian supply chains in 143 different programs. The authors compare the average number of restrictions per country with different governmental and socio-economic situational factors.

The authors find that state fragility, a combination of government ineffectiveness and illegitimacy, is the characteristic that best explains the tendency of a government to impose restrictions on humanitarian supply chains.

Knowing that fragile states tend to impose a high number of restrictions helps humanitarian organizations to prepare adequately before entering a country with a fragile government. The organization can, for example, anticipate possible concerns and establish trust with the government. Commercial companies starting to do business in such country can learn from this knowledge.

Multiple studies have mentioned the strong impact of governments on humanitarian supply chains, but no paper has yet analyzed this problem in detail. The paper is the first to identify the characteristics that explain the number of restrictions governments impose on humanitarian supply chains, and what humanitarian organizations can do to address them.

This paper addresses the persisting problem of stagnant productivity in the education sector and its contribution to escalating costs. An approach to improving learning productivity is proposed which emphasizes the integration of ICT, service learning, experiential learning, and cooperative learning. Thus, the fundamental theme of this paper is to link these four learning domains as a basic strategy to improve the quality and productivity of education and at the same time to reduce costs or limit cost increases. The advances in ICT and the concomitant “death of distance” greatly strengthen the potential for teachers to become facilitators to organize creative autonomous learning in diverse settings. Concrete examples are described from diverse cultural settings such as South Africa, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Chile, Japan, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and Oregon. The paper concludes by offering a number of specific recommendations to improve learning productivity.

IN the editorial columns of our last issue we asked the question, “What of Plymouth?” We are pleased to be able to announce that Mr. Fred. Cole, Chief Librarian and Curator of Huddersfield, has been appointed. Mr. Cole leaves Huddersfield with a splendid record as an indefatigable worker and organizer. Labouring under great difficulties he raised the standard of the Library to a high state of efficiency, and his recently‐organized Music Section has brought a host of appreciations and unqualified praise. We congratulate Mr. Cole on his appointment and wish him every success in his new sphere, where he will find even more scope for his energies and undoubted enthusiasm.

The study of business ethics is growing apace. The ethical dimension is increasingly seen as an integral aspect of organisational culture. Ethical issues are explored starting with international business, then narrowing the focus to domestic business, and finally narrowing it still further to professional ethics. In so doing, areas such as bribery and corruption, social marketing, ethics education, capitalism versus socialism, Free‐masonry, the religious dimension and professional codes of ethics are touched on. Survey evidence is presented on the relative ethical positioning of major professions. An analysis of real‐life ethical situations leads to the formulation of three models of corporate codes of conduct, and to conclusions as to the pivotal role the ethical dimension can play in corporate life.

Communications regarding this column should be addressed to Mrs. Cheney, Peabody Library School, Nashville, Tenn. 37203. Mrs. Cheney does not sell the books listed here. They are available through normal trade sources. Mrs. Cheney, being a member of the editorial board of Pierian Press, will not review Pierian Press reference books in this column. Descriptions of Pierian Press reference books will be included elsewhere in this publication.

Morocco is a multicultural society, in which the Imazighen (Berbers) are the Indigenous people. They are Muslim but not Arab. They make up the majority of the population in Morocco. This article examines their self‐employment activities, reflecting a pattern of occupational clustering influenced by ethnic identity. The paper discusses the traditional bazaar, where segmentation refers to the clustering of producers, and prices are negotiated by buyers and sellers. A model is presented showing the spheres of influence of different ethnic groups in this country on the Mediterranean rim.