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This chapter aims to identify new perspectives of geothermal energy investments. For this purpose, all studies in the Web of Science regarding the geothermal energy are taken into consideration. These studies are evaluated with the help of text-mining approach. In this framework, most frequently stated words, two words, and three words are identified. It is concluded that technological development with respect to the geothermal energy is an important issue in this framework. After that, it is also determined that risk is another important factor in this regard. Finally, new implications regarding the geothermal energy are also considered by the researchers. Geothermal energy has a positive contribution to solve many different problems, such as energy dependency, current account deficit problem, and carbon emission. Hence, this study generated the significant issues to improve these investments. While considering the results, it is understood that technological developments related to the geothermal energy projects should be followed effectively. In addition, an effective risk evaluation should be conducted before implementing these projects.

This paper aims to conduct a detailed analysis of the industrial practices currently being used in the geothermal energy industry and to determine whether they are contributing to any limitations. A HAZOP-based upgradation model for improvement in existing industrial practices is proposed to ensure the removal of inefficient conventional practices. The HAZOP-based upgradation model examines the setbacks, identifies its causes and consequences and suggests improvement methods comprising of modern-day technology.

This paper proposed a HAZOP-based upgradation model for improvement in existing industrial practices. The proposed HAZOP model identifies the drawbacks brought on by conventional practices and suggests improvements.

The study reviewed the challenges geothermal power plants currently face due to conventional practices and suggested a total of 22 upgradation recommendations. From those, a total of 11 upgradation modules comprising modern digital technology and Industry 4.0 elements were proposed to improve the existing practices in the geothermal energy industry. Autonomous robots, augmented reality, machine learning and Internet of Things were identified as useful methods for the upgradation of the existing geothermal energy system.

If proposed recommendations are incorporated, the efficiency of geothermal energy generation will increase as cumulating setbacks will no longer degrade the work output.

The proposed recommendation by the study will make way for Industry 4.0 integration with the geothermal energy sector.

The paper uses a proposed HAZOP-based upgradation model to review issues in existing industrial practices of the geothermal energy sector and recommends solutions to overcome operability issues using Industry 4.0 technologies.

This study aims to improve the performance of geothermal energy. Therefore, this research requires a deep examination of the determinant factors that affect the performance of geothermal energy; the results of this study are expected to increase the outcomes that can be enjoyed by the people of Indonesia.

This research uses quantitative approach. Data are obtained via questionnaires. The population in this study is all stakeholders of the national geothermal energy policy throughout the region. The stakeholders in question are the Community Care for Energy and the Environment (MPEL), using a sample of 400 respondents. The variables used were human resource capacity (X1), political resource capacity (X2), economic resource capacity (X3), social resource capacity (X4), performance of geothermal energy policy (Y1) and geothermal energy policy outcomes (Y2). Data analysis used to solve hypothetical model built in this research is partial least square.

While human resource, political resource, economic resource and social resource capacities affect the performance of geothermal energy policy, those capacities directly affect the performance of geothermal energy policies. On the other hand, the results of the indirect effect test show that with the mediation of good geothermal energy policy, it will be seen that the effect of human resource capacity, political resource capacity, capacity of economic resources and the capacity of social resources to the utilization of geothermal energy. The utilization of geothermal energy cannot be directly felt by the community without the support of the formulation of geothermal energy policy or unless it is supported by high human resources, political resources, economic resource and social resource capacities.

No previous research has comprehensively examined the effect of human resource, political resource, economic resource and social resource capacities on geothermal energy policy and its implications for the outcomes of geothermal energy policy.

This paper aims to investigate the new geothermal law and its implications for geothermal development in Indonesia.

This paper investigates new geothermal law and its implications for geothermal development in Indonesia by using comparable law article to discuss this development. All the data are obtained from literature studies based on the history and background, ownership and access, investment and risks, electricity market and re-policies, environmental regulations and community participation around the geothermal resources.

Geothermal industries in Indonesia need assurance and clear legal basis to be developed. Geothermal investors, whether foreign or local, need policy assurance and good business structures that can create a secure investment environment. Furthermore, a good relationship with international cooperation agency needs to be improved to establish knowledge transfer regarding technologies and information about exploration, production and geothermal development. This is essential to further develop the geothermal utilization and prepare Indonesia to be the country with the biggest reduction in CO₂ emission in 2025. New geothermal regulation (Law No.21 Year 2014) has facilitated the geothermal activities. After the issuance of this regulation, the activities can be done at conserved, production and conservation forest. Moreover, the public service agency (BLU) or state-owned enterprise (BUMN) assignment scheme can boost the geothermal industries development.

Indonesia has huge geothermal resources because of its geological condition that is located at volcanoes path, also known as “Ring of Fire”. According to 2017 ESDM data, Indonesia’s geothermal potentials are almost 30 GW and are distributed to 331 potential points. However, only 5 per cent of those potentials (1,643.5 MW) have been utilized to date. The huge potentials can be utilized optimally to support the Government’s plan in achieving the energy security. Therefore, policies that regulate geothermal utilization is strategically essential for Indonesia’s future.

In recent years, fast urban expansion in China has stimulated rapid energy consumption growth and increased environmental pollution. Therefore, it is important to utilize clean and renewable energy in district heating for the sustainable urban development. This study aimed to investigate the environmental and economic impacts of one hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal energy-based heating system in a life cycle framework.

By using the input–output-based life cycle analysis model, the energy consumption, CO₂ emission and other pollutants of the HDR-based heating system were evaluated and then compared with those of other four heating systems based on burning coal or natural gas. The life cycle costs of the HDR-based heating system were also analyzed.

The results showed that using HDR geothermal energy for heating can significantly reduce fossil fuel consumption, CO₂ emission as well as environmental pollution, and its life cycle costs are also competitive.

This study not only evaluated the environmental and economic impacts of the HDR-based heating system in a life cycle framework but also provided a methodological life cycle assessment framework that can estimate both economic and environmental benefits, which can be used in policy making for China’s urban development.

This chapter presents mathematical model for geothermal energy allocation. The objective is to a find the minimal length of connections between sources and demand points. The problem is formulated as a transportation problem. The model presented in this case study finds optimal assignment of energy sources to urban areas, with full demand for energy satisfied in all districts using one type of energy.

In light of the shortcomings of the current world order for indigenous peoples and the environment, there is a need to make “another world possible” by promoting new ways of thinking and articulating indigenous economies. This paper aims to address this issue.

This paper examines Māori enterprises involved in geothermal energy production as existing expressions of this other “possible world”.

The paper finds that Māori enterprises involved in geothermal energy production are increasing in number and are demonstrating complex ways of conducting business. In seeking a clearer picture of these enterprises, it was found that analysing how Māori values were “added in” to these businesses was not enough. Instead it was found that examining how these enterprises could be charted with ethical coordinates allows a more complete account of what is taking place.

This paper is of value for scholars analysing the value‐based aspects of economies, particularly indigenous business enterprises. Charting ethical coordinates allows the analysis of indigenous enterprises to move away from thinking about them in binary terms, as either Indigenous or non‐indigenous. Having a way of thinking about and articulating the complexity of indigenous enterprises enables a richer conversation about their attributes.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a spectral model capable of simulating fully transient conductive‐convective heat transfer processes in an axially‐symmetric shallow geothermal system consisting of a borehole heat exchanger embedded in a soil mass.

The proposed model combines the exactness of the analytical methods with important extent of generality in describing the geometry and boundary conditions of the numerical methods. It calculates the temperature distribution in all involved borehole heat exchanger components and the surrounding soil mass using the discrete Fourier transform, for the time domain, and the Fourier‐Bessel series, for the spatial domain.

The paper calculates the temperature distribution in all involved borehole heat exchanger components and the surrounding soil mass in a robust and computationally very efficient procedures. Analysis which might take long time in a work station, if use is made of standard numerical procedures, takes only 1 second in an Intel PC with the proposed model.

The model is capable of simulating fully transient heat transfer in a shallow geothermal system subjected to short and long‐term time varying boundary conditions. The CPU time for calculating temperature distributions in all involved components; pipe‐in, pipe‐out, grout, and soil, using 2048 FFT samples, for the time domain, and 100 Fourier‐Bessel series samples, for the spatial domain, was in the order of 1 second in an Intel PC. The accuracy and computational efficiency of the model makes it, if elaborated, vital for engineering practice.

The proposed model is original and generic. The idea behind it is new and has not been utilized in this field of application. The model can be extended easily to include other types of borehole heat exchangers embedded in multi‐layer systems.

The purpose of this paper is to develop the high pressure high-velocity oxy-liquid fuel sprayed WC-10Co-4Cr coatings on geothermal turbine 9Cr-1Mo steel for protection against wear and corrosion.

The microstructural characterization of as-deposited and corroded coating was done and presented using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis.

The developed coating offered 50 per cent enhanced microhardness (1,200 HV) and 100 per cent enhanced wear resistance, in comparison to bare geothermal turbine steel, respectively. The coating has shown enhanced life in the simulated working conditions (fog test and dip test). This may be because of the high microhardness of the developed coating as per the proven tribological theories.

Coating offered excellent corrosion resistance in the harsher simulated environments to geothermal turbines.