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As early as 1818 in Marseilles merchants were asking the courts to recognise the legal character of the maritime sale of goods, which was a sale of a bill of lading representing goods at sea in a ship. The courts of Marseilles found suitable to hear and decide cases in accordance with the law merchant despite the lack of authority in the French Commercial Codes. Merchants everywhere began to deal with documents representing goods without waiting to check the goods as it was the practice under the Napoleonic Code. Thus, the transition of the bill of lading from a mere receipt to a negotiable instrument developed by the practice of merchants arranging the sale of goods in transit. The success of the use of bills of lading in international trade is attributable to its negotiable character and its feature as a document of title.

The analysis of the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the emergence and development of digital economy.

Examination of the developments of FDI and the new destinations explained by the liberalization measures undertaken by governments and inward investment agencies in globalization.

While FDI does displace some exports, it also creates a number of reverse imports. Companies are forced to improve their managerial efficiency. The elimination of internal barriers to trade and capital mobility has been accompanied by a rapid growth of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in EU.

The development of e‐MNEs will bring different utilization of the production plants and use of logistics to distribute tangible goods, while intangible goods will be distributed by very advanced technology centres based on home locations. The digital economy should not be confined just to e‐business and e‐commerce.