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This study aims to explore the association between internet addiction and problem behaviours on social networking sites (SNS) using the general strain theory (Agnew, 1992).

Using the purposive sampling method, a survey was conducted, which collected data from 414 college students studying in two public universities in South Australia. The Delphi method was used to develop the questionnaire used for the survey.

'Results of this research indicated a significant association between internet addiction and problem behaviours on SNS. Respondents who had engaged in problem behaviours on SNS had high internet addiction test scores (Young, 1998). On the basis of this finding, the present research argues that the general strains associated with the suffering of newly emerging challenges such as internet addiction might contribute to victimisation and deviant and problem behaviours on SNS in specific and possibly in cyberspace in general.

Results of the present study need to be interpreted cautiously due to many limitations it has. This research is a cross-sectional study, which might not adequately explain the associations between internet addiction and problem behaviours on SNS. Longitudinal studies involving larger samples might have added significant value to this study. The present study uses purposive sampling technique, which has limited its generalizability, and its findings may not be generalised to large populations.

Limited information is available pertaining to the association between problem behaviours on SNS and internet addiction. The present study is a pioneering effort, which argues that rapid popularity of SNS is likely to increase internet addiction and the frustration of not getting proper treatment for their internet addiction might lead to deviant behaviours on SNS.

The literature on terrorism suggests a strong link between criminal offending and terrorism – the crime-terror nexus. Building upon a strain theory perspective, the purpose of this paper is to suggest that devalued socio-economic status (i.e. limited education and unemployment) and criminal past define the pool of people from which violent and terror offenders may be recruited.

The current study compares three sources of data on educational and employment characteristics of violent and terror offenders: Dutch statistical data (CBS) including the Police Recognition System (HKS) on violent criminals, the findings on jihadist networks and the open access on European terrorists.

The majority of Dutch violent offenders, foreign fighters and European terrorists have only completed secondary school (or lower) and were unemployed in the year of offending. Half of recent European terrorists had previously been involved in violent crimes and/or had joined jihadi groups abroad.

One limitation of the study concerns the exploratory use of secondary and open-access data. While it was impossible to establish causality with the current methodology, these findings highlight the background conditions under which violent and terrorist crime can originate, and suggest one of the mechanisms that shapes the crime-terror nexus. Future research would benefit from more work identifying the causal antecedents to terrorism.

Whether relative deprivation is a direct cause or merely an amplifying factor in criminal motivation needs to be scrutinized in future research. However, its consideration may have great implications for policy and law enforcement agencies.

An individual’s desire to improve status and personal significance by the virtue of illegal activity may be particularly salient in the context of cultural polarization, which manifests as decreased trust and loyalty toward national laws and institutions. Parallel to preventive and security measures, it may be worthwhile to encourage multicultural associations and community networks in support of mutual (interethnic and interreligious) understanding.

The paper explores one of the oldest factors that has been suspected of leading to terrorism in lack of economic or educational opportunity. However, the paper also offers a new perspective on how these factors may relate to participation in terrorism. Rather than claiming these factors directly cause terrorism, the authors take a strain theory perspective to argue that these strains induce fewer opportunities to engage in terrorism and provide individuals with the skills/strength to resist de-radicalization or counter-radicalization.

Drawing upon the job-demands resources and the job demands-control-support model, the authors examined the buffering effect of health-oriented leadership (HoL) in terms of staff care on the relationship between job demands and employee health and job satisfaction.

Cross-sectional data from two studies (N1 = 314 and N2 = 260) were analyzed using moderation analyses.

Study 1 showed that staff care mitigates the effect of job demands on strain and health complaints. Study 2 found that staff care also buffered the effect of job demands on general health and job satisfaction.

Particularly under high job demands, staff care is an important resource for employees' health and satisfaction. Organizations should promote leaders' staff care.

Findings provide further evidence for the beneficial role of leaders in terms of HoL.

This paper presents a solder joint engineering reliability model — Solder Reliability Solutions** (SRS) — and its application to surface mount area‐array and chip‐scale assemblies. The model is validated by failure data from 33 accelerated thermal cycling tests, and test vehicles covering several generations of component, assembly and circuit board technologies and a variety of test conditions. The SRS model has been implemented as a PC‐based design‐for‐reliabilltytool that enables rapid assessment of assembly reliability in the early stages of product development.

The purpose of this paper is the production of mechanical meta-material samples by rapid prototyping (RP) and replica technique for patient-specific skin graft or cranial implant applications in tissue engineering.

Positive moulds (patterns) were produced by stereolithography-based RP. Impression moulding method was used for the production of silicone products (skin grafts). Alginate was used as a moulding material (negative mould). Room temperature vulcanising silicone was poured into the cavity of alginate mould and then products were produced. TiO₂ powder and carbon fibres were used as reinforcement. Meta-material structured polyurethane reinforced silicone composites were also produced. Liquid components (diisocyanate and polyol) were poured into the mould and then polyurethane was produced. Then, polyurethane was immersed in the liquid silicone.

It is found that non-destructive ultrasonic test is a fast and reliable method. Meta-material-based composites show dome-shaped tensile/synclastic surface properties which are important for the skin graft and cranial implants. Increasing the amounts of cross-linking agent and TiO₂ particles increased the hardness and elastic modulus. Carbon fibre addition enhanced the elastic modulus.

Although there are studies on the meta-materials, there is limited study on the RP of the meta-materials for patient-specific implants (skin grafts). Auxetic surface shows perfect fit to curved surface of the skull. Although there are studies on the silicone and polyurethane composites, there is limited study on the characterisation of mechanical properties by ultrasonic tests and strain gauge analysis.

In this chapter, I reflect on the foundations of the “fair policing from the inside out” approach to identify elements that may complement and refine this theoretical framework.

I address the question of how fair policing can be achieved from a multidisciplinary perspective. Insights and empirical evidence from criminology, psychology, management, and political science/public administration are used to theorize the relationship between internal and external procedural justice.

Both the theoretical framework itself and the conceptual model that has been derived from it are refined. In total, four aspects are elaborated: (1) I stress more explicitly the potential mediating role of moral alignment with citizens; (2) I point more explicitly at the potential mediating role of trust in supervisors and moral alignment with supervisors; (3) I hypothesize that strain/stress may mediate the relationship between internal and external procedural fairness; and (4) I hypothesize several links between mediators.

This chapter contributes to the challenge of theorizing the origins of fair policing. It aims at widening the scope of police research.

The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology to assess material damage parameters for ductile crack initiation and growth ahead of a crack/notch tip in high hardening steel like AISI type 316L(N) stainless steel.

Ductile damage parameter and far field J-integral have been obtained from standard FEM analysis for a crack/notch tip undergoing large plastic deformation and resulting in crack initiation/growth. In conjunction with experimental results, the damage variable for low strength and high hardening material has been derived in terms of continuum parameters: equivalent plastic strain (ε_eq) and stress triaxiality (φ). The material parameters for damage initiation and growth in 316LN SS have been evaluated from tensile and fracture tests. With these material tensile/fracture parameters as input, elastic-plastic eXtended Finite Element Method (X-FEM) simulations were carried out on compact tension (CT) specimen geometry under varying initial stress triaxiality conditions.

The material parameters for damage initiation and growth have been assessed and calibrated by comparing the X-FEM predicted load-displacement responses with the experimental results. It is observed that the deviations in the predicted load values from the experimental data are within 6 percent for specimens with a/W=0.39, 0.55, 0.64, while for a/W=0.72, it is 17 percent.

The present study is a part of developing methods to obtain calibrated material damage parameters for crack growth simulation of components made of AISI 316L(N) stainless steel. This steel is used for fast breeder reactor-based power plant being built at Kalpakkam, India.

The purpose of this paper is to review the extant published literature using traditional criminological theories in an effort to explain police misconduct.

This paper reflects a narrative meta-review of through a search of several academic databases (e.g. Criminal Justice Abstracts, Criminology: A SAGE Full Text Collection, EBSCO Host and PsychInfo). Twenty-nine studies, across six theoretical perspectives, were identified and reviewed.

The extant research generally suggests that traditional criminological theory is useful in explaining misconduct.

The findings call on agencies to continually strengthen their recruiting and hiring processes to select recruits with suitable characteristics, and to improve their early warning systems to detect officers with patterns of problematic behavior. Also, the findings call for multiple avenues of future scholarship, namely, in theory development/integration and in refining the measurement of police misconduct.

This paper will be useful for researchers who wish to further explore the etiology of misconduct, and for police administrators who wish to reduce the prevalence of such behavior.

Under this heading are published regularly abstracts of all Reports and Memoranda of the Aeronautical Research Council, Reports and Technical Memoranda of the United States National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and publications of other similar Research Bodies as issued.

This paper addresses the lack of conceptual and theoretical consensus around cyber-bullying and problems associated with over-reliance on mainstream criminological thinking to explain this phenomenon.

The paper offers a critical criminological perspective on cyber-bullying encouraging scholars to engage with fundamental complications associated with the relationship between late-modernity, neo-liberalism and cyber-bullying. It argues for an approach that contextualizes cyber-bullying within the realities and consequences of late-modernity and neo-liberalism.

The paper argues that a robust understanding of cyber-bullying entails contextualization of the problem in terms of the realities of consumption, individualism, youth identity formation and incivility in late modern society.

In addition to challenging extant theoretical approaches to cyber-bullying, the paper has important implications for intervention that surpass the limitations of law and order policies which tend to focus on criminalizing poorly understood bad behaviour or indicting internet technologies themselves.