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The aim of this paper is to research the effectiveness of different forms of performance management and to trace the factors which influence these effectiveness. In order to better emphasize the context dimensions, it also aims to study two municipal processes in the Dutch public sector, i.e. treatment of building permits and the establishment of environmental policy papers.

The study analyses 57 Dutch municipalities on performance management.

The research shows that management should not intervene nor should it focus on the process itself, contrary to what is normally thought and done. This study also points out that the type of management on output is more important for the effectiveness than the context of the processes. The conclusion may be drawn that process control will lead to less effectiveness in almost all cases. Effective output management should be confined to a combination of input and output control. Although the general management has the tendency to engage in the way processes are conducted, it will need to resist this tendency as much as possible. In addition, intermediate control is ineffective. In the investigated processes more capacity was needed when the general management exercised intermediate control, regardless of the mode. This conclusion is at odds with the widely endorsed desirability and need for intermediate control (monitoring). Control ex ante, in contrast, increases effectiveness in every case. The impression arises that opting for less control (only ex ante and not on processes) makes the type of management more effective.

Output management will have to take the context into account, but also give decentralized managers sufficient degrees of freedom. In order to decentralize adequately, the correct type of management will need to be chosen. Although most authors endorse the importance of context and believe the possibility of output management to be almost completely dependent on this context, this study shows that the effectiveness of output management is virtually entirely dictated by the chosen type of management, no matter the context. The type of management allocating as much freedom to decentralized management as possible, offers the best basis for effective action. Paradoxically, general management could maximize its effectiveness by interfering as little as possible with the process at stake.

1.1 What Are Accounts For? Overview The purpose of accounts is to reveal performance in the conduct of a business or other activity concerned with use of economic resources (e.g. a club). It is thus a matter of stewardship. Although, like economics, it is necessary in accounting to use money as a measure of performance, it is concerned with the individual organisation rather than with economic phenomena as a whole.

The purpose of this paper is to recognize the concepts and disciplinary position of management, for faculty members in management circles, which can help them develop their academic career.

Based on review and clarification of domestic and international disciplinary concepts on management, this paper takes data from academic journals of international management as the sample, making use of the latest mapping knowledge domains method.

Reveals the disciplinary boundary of modern management and disciplinary position of general management as a basic discipline, demonstrates the relationship between management and other relevant disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, economics, mathematics, etc. shows the trend of ascending position of management in mankind's knowledge system as an independent discipline.

This paper identifies concepts and information in management sciences which will provide inspiration for management in China, to move forward to the international academic frontline.

The adoption and effectiveness of advanced management practices by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is becoming an emerging issue since the literature has recognised that a pure entrepreneurial attitude is no longer enough for the competitive success of these firms. This paper explores this issue by comparing the practice‐performance links for two types of SMEs ‐‐ i.e. subcontractors and small manufacturers ‐‐ through the investigation of the management practices pertaining to the following three functional areas: general management, production management and product innovation management (only for manufacturers). Despite the fact that subcontracting is generally considered less appealing and profitable than manufacturing, empirical evidence shows that subcontractors are more effective in implementing advanced practices of production management whilst most small manufacturers ‐‐ although quite advanced in developing practices of general management ‐‐ experience difficulties in exploiting the potential of good product innovation practice.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between employee engagement and general management, performance management, reward management and transformational leadership.

A survey was distributed to a mid-sized energy company based in North America. A two-stage hierarchical multiple regression was performed. Employee engagement was the dependent variable, and the control variables of age and education were entered at stage one. In stage two, the four variables of general management, performance management, reward management and transformational leadership were included.

The findings revealed that the factors most predictive of employee engagement were reward management, followed by performance management, general management and transformational leadership. The only control variable predictive of engagement was age, where older employees reported greater engagement.

The study can offer practitioners more insight into employee engagement which in turn can help with employee related decision-making in their own individual workplaces.

The study contributes to the existing literature on human resource management by providing insights into the factors that contribute to employee engagement and corroboration that age is a contributing factor.

This paper aims to assess to which extent the legality of electronic archive management can realize Indonesia E-government. This aspect of legality can have a significant impact on the application ofe-government in a country. The legality focuses on the archival legislation of the Republic of Indonesia in discussion related to the management of electronic archives.

The method used in this research is content analysis with qualitative research approach. The data for this research was taken from the Undang-Undang Kearsipan Indonesia (Indonesia Archives Constitution) documents that is available on the official website of Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (ANRI) (National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia). To complete the discussion in this paper also conducted literature study using secondary literature sources.

From the aspect of legality, the management of electronic archives does not yet support the implementation of Indonesia E-government. From the aspect of legality, the laws governing the management of electronic archives has not yet existed, there is only the Regulation of the Head of the National Archives regarding the guidelines of general policy for electronic records management in 2012.

This research is limited to the identification of comprehensive analysis on all documents of the ANRI on the management of electronic archives in the context of Indonesia E-government. From that, the gap between those aspects can be examined.

This paper reveals the importance of legality in the form of regulation of electronic records management in Indonesia E-government. Findings from this research can be useful for the Indonesia E-government program.

Research with content analysis method on management of electronic archive on Law of Archiving in Republik Indonesia has never been done before. This also applies to the research on the relationship between the management of electronic archives with the application of Indonesia E-government.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the jobs and duties involved in Korean academic libraries and to provide a clear picture of relative issues. This research will assist universities with the HR management and institutional development that are essential for appropriate role division, organizational diagnosis and rational reform, and increasing the expertise of librarians.

All of the various duties being executed in academic libraries were identified. Korean academic libraries were requested to assist with the survey. Questionnaires were collected surveying the level of awareness of all the duties involved in the academic libraries and survey responses analyzed to determine the importance, difficulty, and professionalism of 189 library duties.

Through this study, perceived levels of frequency, importance, and difficulty of duties related to academic libraries were surveyed and average values for each duty were compared and analyzed to formulate a duty model and action plan.

This paper presents a basic library duty model reflecting the rapidly changing information technologies and information types of Korean academic libraries based on the job analysis. Through this process, university libraries will be able to optimize human resources management and achieve efficiency in organizational management, as well as creating materials to support education/training and performance management, thus ultimately helping with the rationalization of their operation.

The aim of this paper is to develop a research agenda for risk and supply chain management. This is achieved by reviewing the literature on supply chain risk and locating it within the general literature on risk.

A review of the general literature on risk and the specific literature on supply chain risk was undertaken.

The paper shows that there are a number of key debates in the general literature on risk, especially in terms of qualitative versus quantitative approaches, which need to be recognised by those seeking to apply risk theory and risk management approaches to supply chains. In addition, the paper shows that the application of risk theory to supply chain management is still in its early stages and that the models of supply chain risk which have been proposed need to be tested empirically.

This is a literature review and, therefore, is based on secondary rather than primary sources.

The paper proposes a research agenda aimed at developing models of supply chain risk management based on combining the wider theory and practice of risk management with the needs and practices of supply chain management.

This paper brings together the literatures on general risk and supply chain risk; and identifies key issues and research questions which need to be addressed in applying risk management to supply chains.

This special “Anbar Abstracts” issue of Journal of Management in Medicine is split into 6 sections covering abstracts under the following headings: General Management; Personnel and Training; Quality in Health Care; Health Care Marketing; Financial Management; and Information Technology.