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In aircraft assembly, standard reference points with nominal coordinates are commonly applied for coordinate transformation between multiple measurement stations and the assembly coordinate system. For several reasons in practical application, these points often fail to envelop the key assembly space, which leads to large transformation uncertainty. This paper aims to analyze and further reduce the coordinate transformation uncertainty by introducing a new hybrid reference system (HRS).

Several temporary extension points without known coordinates are added to enhance the tightness between different stations, especially at the weakness area in the network, thus constituting an HRS together with the existing standard reference points. The coordinate transformation model of the HRS-based measurement network is established based on an extend Gauss–Markov model. By using the geometrical differential property and variance-covariance propagation law, the covariance matrixes in the transformation model are calculated, and the analytical solution of the uncertainties of transformation parameters are ultimately derived. The transformation uncertainty of each check points is presented by Helmert error expression.

The proposed analytical solution of transformation uncertainty is verified using the state-of-the-art Monte Carlo simulation method, but the solution process is simpler and the computation expenses are much less.

The HRS with three temporary extension points is practically applied to a tail boom in-site measurement for assembly. The average transformation uncertainty has been reduced by 26 per cent to less than 0.05 mm.

The hybrid coordinate transformation model is proposed for the first time. The HRS method for transformation uncertainty reduction is more economical and practical than increasing the number of standard reference points.

In recent years, the global economy has undergone major transformations involving the liberalization of markets for traditional goods, services, and capital flows. This has led to the emergence of a world financial market underpinned by digital platforms, innovative and the rapid growth of integrated digital platforms, integration, investment, economic growth, development, and the potential for poverty reduction, especially, in the Global South and, in particular in sub-Saharan Africa. The goal of this chapter is to investigate the increasing accessibility and relationship between digital (e-economy) financial integration and poverty alleviation since the era of structural adjustment programs in sub-Sahara Africa with Ghana as a case study. The emphasis is on the New Digital Economy (NDE) relative to new sources of data from mobile and ubiquitous Internet connectivity. The processes of digitalization and financial sector integration and inclusion become increasingly contestable, decomposable, and reconfigurable, and the capacity to innovate will be a key success factor in policies geared toward poverty alleviation. The multiple linear regression model and its estimation using ordinary least squares (OLS) is doubtless the most widely used tool in econometrics. It helps to estimate the relation between a dependent variable and a set of explanatory variables. An OLS model for macro data set relative to a regression model is applied to provide the empirical estimations of the increasing accessibility and the relationship between digital financial integration, investment, economic growth, development, and poverty alleviation.

The purpose of this paper is to understand urban mobility model.

The authors have used deep learning as tools of analysis and taxi transportation data as sources of mobility.

The authors have found urban mobility model of weekdays and weekends for a metropolitan city.

There could be many sources of transportation data but the authors have used public taxi data solely.

With the urban mobility model proposed in this paper, other researchers and industries can improve their own service based on urban mobility model.

The result would be a good model for urban traffic control or traffic modeling.

This works is an improvement of the paper published in The 15th International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing & Multimedia (MoMM2017) by recommendation of conference editor, Ismail Khalil, IJPCC editor-in-chief.

The purpose of this paper is to examine modelling issues in the research of the relationship between audit and non‐audit fees by comparing the outcome of a single‐equation model of fees to the results of simultaneous equation model (SEM) of these interactions for a sample of UK listed companies and also by exploring the benefits of using a panel data approach.

The paper is an empirical analysis of audit and non‐audit fees for a sample of 2,072 UK companies. Three types of models, single linear equation, SEM and panel data, are compared and the strengths and weaknesses of each discussed.

The results indicate possible mis‐specification in the single linear equation model and the potential for simultaneous equation basis in the SEM. The panel data analysis confirms the findings of prior literature that there is a relationship between audit and non‐audit fees but statistically insignificant.

The implication of these findings is that previously published findings on audit fees, which used single equation, may have overstated the case for a relationship between audit and non‐audit fees due to problems in the econometric models.

The issues addressed in this paper are very pertinent to a better understanding of the role of the auditor in the corporate environment. In particular, the findings are relevant to the debate on auditor independence and corporate governance.

The study contributes to knowledge of the behaviour of audit fees and non‐audit fees, cross‐sectionally and through time and the most appropriate models for describing that behaviour.

Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) is expected to be a key technology for future network. The multimodal information along with very low-cost availability of the camera sensor nodes is promoting the extensive use of audio, image and video in various real-time implementations. The purpose of this paper is to study various routing issues and the effect of mobility on existing solutions for the applications in future internet.

This paper conducts a survey of the various methodologies for routing and the vital issues in the design of routing protocols for WMSN, and it also discusses about the effect of mobility on various routing methodologies of WMSN. WMSN ubiquitously performs data acquisition, processing and routing for scalar and multimedia data in a mobile environment. The routing protocols should be adaptive in nature and should have a dynamic approach to service effectively for future network. Many authors proposed the mobility of sink to improve lifetime of the network. This paper discusses some effective approaches for the network where not only the sink node but also some of the sensor nodes are mobile.

During the survey, the performance and lifetime of the network are discussed, other parameters like delay, packet loss, energy consumption and simulators used for implementation are also discussed.

The techniques in this paper represent a considerable solution for mobility issues in future internet applications.

Discusses recursive estimation techniques which can be used to update or revise estimates of the parameters of an economic model to account for new data. Such methods admit the possibility of proceeding with the gathering of observed data until a specified accuracy of the parameters is achieved or if the economic processes are time‐varying the parameters can be tracked. Recursive methods can also be used for adaptive learning, forecasting and control. Examines both single equation ‐ static as well as dynamic ‐ economic models.

The paper presents a model of environmental resource management in an uncertain environment with measurement considerations. In particular, the model recognizes uncertainty about the dynamic dispersion relationships and in the measurement of emission rates and pollution levels. Since uncertainty enlarges the environmental resource management problem, actions that reduce uncertainty must be considered by the environmental control manager. Such considerations, however, cannot be pursued independently of pollution control actions. It is thus postulated that environmental policy issues must be analyzed in the context of an adaptive control problem with measurement considerations and a new adaptive environmental control strategy, which is obtained by introducing a function of the one‐period—ahead covariance matrix of the parameter estimates in the objective function, is suggested. This new strategy is shown to exhibit the dual effect of experimentation and caution.

The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into various swarm intelligence-based routing protocols for Internet of Things (IoT), which are currently available for the Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). There are several issues which are limiting the growth of IoT. These include privacy, security, reliability, link failures, routing, heterogeneity, etc. The routing issues of MANETs and WSNs impose almost the same requirements for IoT routing mechanism. The recent work of worldwide researchers is focused on this area.

The paper provides the literature review for various standard routing protocols. The different comparative analysis of the routing protocols is done. The paper surveys various routing protocols available for the seamless connectivity of things in IoT. Various features, advantages and challenges of the said protocols are discussed. The protocols are based on the principles of swarm intelligence. Swarm intelligence is applied to achieve optimality and efficiency in solving the complex, multi-hop and dynamic requirements of the wireless networks. The application of the ant colony optimization technique tries to provide answers to many routing issues.

Using the swarm intelligence and ant colony optimization principles, it has been seen that the protocols’ efficiency definitely increases and also provides more scope for the development of more robust, reliable and efficient routing protocols for the IoT.

The existing protocols do not solve all reliability issues and efficient routing is still not achieved completely. As of now no techniques or protocols are efficient enough to cover all the issues and provide the solution. There is a need to develop new protocols for the communication which will cater to all these needs. Efficient and scalable routing protocols adaptable to different scenarios and network size variation capable to find optimal routes are required.

The various routing protocols are discussed and there is also an introduction to new parameters which can strengthen the protocols. This can lead to encouragement of readers, as well as researchers, to analyze and develop new routing algorithms.

The paper provides better understanding of the various routing protocols and provides better comparative analysis for the use of swarm-based research methodology in the development of routing algorithms exclusively for the IoT.

This is a review paper which discusses the various routing protocols available for MANETs and WSNs and provides the groundwork for the development of new intelligent routing protocols for IoT.

Markov chains and queuing theory are widely used analysis, optimization and decision‐making tools in many areas of science and engineering. Real life systems could be modelled and analysed for their steady‐state and time‐dependent behaviour. Performance measures such as blocking probability of a system can be calculated by computing the probability distributions. A major hurdle in the applicability of these tools to complex large problems is the curse of dimensionality problem because models for even trivial real life systems comprise millions of states and hence require large computational resources. This paper describes the various computational dimensions in Markov chains modelling and briefly reports on the author's experiences and developed techniques to combat the curse of dimensionality problem.

The paper formulates the Markovian modelling problem mathematically and shows, using case studies, that it poses both storage and computational time challenges when applied to the analysis of large complex systems.

The paper demonstrates using intelligent storage techniques, and concurrent and parallel computing methods that it is possible to solve very large systems on a single or multiple computers.

The paper has developed an interesting case study to motivate the reader and have computed and visualised data for steady‐state analysis of the system performance for a set of seven scenarios. The developed methods reviewed in this paper allow efficient solution of very large Markov chains. Contemporary methods for the solution of Markov chains cannot solve Markov models of the sizes considered in this paper using similar computing machines.

“It should also be noted that the objective of convergence and equal distribution, including across under-performing areas, can hinder efforts to generate growth. Contrariwise, the objective of competitiveness can exacerbate regional and social inequalities, by targeting efforts on zones of excellence where projects achieve greater returns (dynamic major cities, higher levels of general education, the most advanced projects, infrastructures with the heaviest traffic, and so on). If cohesion policy and the Lisbon Strategy come into conflict, it must be borne in mind that the former, for the moment, is founded on a rather more solid legal foundation than the latter” European Commission (2005, p. 9)Adaptation of Cohesion Policy to the Enlarged Europe and the Lisbon and Gothenburg Objectives.