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The purpose of this study is to extract and characterize a novel natural dye from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica and the extraction with finding ways of dyeing cotton fabric using three mordants.

The colouring agents were extracted from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica using an aqueous extraction method. The extract was characterized using analysis methods of pH, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and cyclic voltammetry measurement. The extract was applied to cotton fabric samples using a non-mordant and three mordants under the two mordanting methods. The dyeing performance of the extracted colouring agent was evaluated using colour fastness properties, colour strength (K/S) and colour space (CIE Lab).

The aqueous dye extract showed reddish-brown colour, and its pH was 5.94. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the dye extract from the leaves of Lannea coromandelica contained active chemical compounds. The UV-vis and FTIR analyses found that groups influenced the reddish-brown colour of the dye extraction. The cyclic voltammetry measurements discovered the electrochemical properties of the dye extraction. The mordanted fabric samples showed better colour fastness properties than the non-mordanted fabric sample. The K/S and CIE Lab results indicate that the cotton fabric samples dyed with mordants showed more significant dye affinities than non-mordanted fabric samples.

Researchers have never discovered that the Lannea coromandelica leaf extract is a natural dye for cotton fabric dyeing. The findings of this study showed that natural dyes extracted from Lannea coromandelica leaf could be an efficient colouring agent for use in cotton fabric.

Purpose – This paper aims to detect or identify the presence of hydrocarbon infiltration on sampling point in the Rambe River area according to the obtained VOCs and the adsorbed SVOCs.

Design/Methodology/Approach – The Gore-sorber method has been used to capture volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) as indicators of subsurface hydrocarbon generation and entrapment. This method is usually used in environmental surveys for the oil investigations in certain areas for surface survey screening, designed to collect a broad range of VOCs and (SVOCs) at lower concentrations, quickly and inexpensively. The results also indicated a general correlation between the GORE-SORBER and reference method data. The research was conducted in Rambe River Village, Tebing Tinggi sub-district of Tanjung Jabung Barat district, Jambi Province Indonesia. The collection of the Gore-Sorber modules were analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer thermal desorption (GC/MS).

Findings – The results showed that from all sampling points in Tebing Tinggi areas, the dominant components detected are carbonyl sulphide, dimethyl sulfide, ethane, propane, butane, 2-methyl butane, pentane, and carbon sulfide with carbon chain in the range C2-C5. These hydrocarbon gases (C1-C4) which may be from thermogenic or microbial processes. The highest concentrations of carbonyl sulfide were 392.67 ng and dimethyl disulfide 261.90 ng.

Originality/Value – In addition to estimate and predict the petroleum formation, this article provides information about the presence of oil fields in the area of the Sungai Rambe Village

The majority of binders used in paint manufacture are either highly‐viscous or solid materials in their own right. The identification of their chemical constituents has been reported by Haken (71) using infrared spectroscopy at liquid nitrogen temperature. However, the procedure proved to be very expensive since a great deal of breakage of the equipment occurred owing to the need to keep cooling and then reheating to room temperature. A better procedure was considered to be fragmentation of the initial polymer samples to give volatile fractions better suited to GC examination, which was just as accurate as the spectroscopic approach and far simpler and cheaper to carry out.

The purpose of this paper is to characterize three-dimensional (3D) printing filaments commonly used in fused deposition modeling (FDM) to determine their viability for restoration and conservation treatments.

Eight current filaments for FDM from six polymeric materials have been characterized to determine their suitability for restoration and conservation treatments. For testing these filaments, specimens are printed with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene; polylactic acid; polylactic acid with CaCO3 (E.P.); polyethylene terephthalate glycol; polypropylene; and high-impact polystyrene. Suitability of a filament was verified using the Oddy test by detecting the action of volatile pollutants released from the filaments. The morphological and color changes were observed after allowing them to degrade under the exposure of UV radiation. The samples were then analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy technique was applied to complete the characterization of the printed filaments.

Materials investigated are suitable for restoration purposes ensuring long-term stability. Rapid prototyping using FDM is appropriate for restoring sensitive archaeological objects allowing reconstruction of parts and decreasing risk while manipulating delicate artifacts.

Rapid prototyping using FDM was chosen for the restoration of a fragile and sensitive archaeological glass bowl from Manises Ceramic Museum.

Fibre content can influence the intensity of odour that develops within clothing fabrics. However, little is known about how effective laundering is at removing malodours in clothing which differ by fibre type. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether a selected cotton fabric differed in odour intensity following multiple wear and wash cycles compared to a polyester fabric.

Eight (male and female) participants wore bisymmetrical cotton/polyester t-shirts during 20 exercise sessions over a ten-week trial period. Odour was evaluated via a sensory panel, bacterial populations were counted and selected odorous volatile organic compounds were measured with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection. Analysis occurred both before and after the final (20th) wash cycle.

Findings showed that laundering was effective in reducing overall odour intensity (p0.001) and bacterial populations (p0.001) in both cotton and polyester fabrics. Odour was most intense on polyester fabrics following wear, not just before, but also after washing (p0.001); although, no differences in bacterial counts were found between fibre types (p>0.05). Chemical analysis found C4-C8 chained carboxylic acids on both types of unwashed fabrics, although they were more prevalent on polyester.

The findings suggest that the build-up of odour in polyester fabrics may be cumulative as important odorants such as the carboxylic acids were not as effectively removed from polyester compared to cotton.

The purpose of this study was to investigate cimetidine as corrosion inhibitor of aluminium in hydrochloric acid medium.

Cimetidine was characterized by gas chromatography mass spectrophotometer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to determine its chemical composition and functional groups, respectively. Gravimetric, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic techniques were used in the corrosion inhibition process. Thermodynamic and adsorption parameters were evaluated. And response surface methodology was used to optimize the corrosion inhibition process.

Analysis of the results revealed that major constituents of cimetidine include metronidazole, n-hexadecanoic acid cyclohexane and methyl ester. It has C-H stretch, C = N stretch, CH₃C-H bend, ring C = C stretch, -C-O-O stretch, N-H bend, C-O stretch and C-H bend as predominant functional groups. Adsorption of molecules of the inhibitor on the aluminium surface was spontaneous, and it followed mechanism of physical adsorption. Response surface methodology revealed that quadratic model adequately described the inhibition efficiency of cimetidine as function of inhibitor concentration, temperature and time. Chemical and electrochemical results are in agreement that the cimetidine is a viable corrosion inhibitor. Cimetidine was revealed as mixed-type inhibitor because it controlled both cathodic and anodic reactions.

Empirical and optimization studies of cimetidine drug as corrosion inhibitor of aluminium in hydrochloric acid medium were carried out. The research results can provide the basis for deploying drugs (with mucosal protective and antacid properties) for corrosion control of metallic structures.

The introduction of gas chromatography by James and Martin in 1952 has been one of the factors contributing to the development of precise detection and monitoring devices across the whole field of chromatography. At the same time the rapid development of solute detection devices has reflected the advances and refinement of chromatographic techniques over the last twenty years.

Solvents by their very nature are volatile substances and therefore eminently suitable for analysis by GC. The separation of low‐molecular‐weight hydrocarbons on a highly‐polar stationary phase, which consisted of mixed bis‐lactams, was reported by Ravey (157). The packing was claimed to be stable up to 80°C, thus permitting some degree of temperature programming to be used, so that the molecular‐weight range of the samples examined in one analysis could be increased. The specific retention volumes and retention indices at 45°C for a total of 49 normal, branched or halogenated hydrocarbons were measured by Zielinski and Martine (211) for a series of seven stationary phases of similar chain length. These consisted of n‐heptadecance, l‐ hexadecylchloride, l‐hevadeceen,l‐hexadecylbromide, l‐hexadecyliodide, di‐n‐octyl ether and di‐n‐octyl thioether and the procedures described were used in the choice and classification of the stationary phases for GC. Separation of the alkenenaphthene fraction of white spirit was carried out by Leont'eva et al. (120) on a column coated with squalane and operated at 100°C. The carrier gas was helium and fifty three separate peaks were identified and quantified using a flameionisation detector (FID). A squalane capillary column was used by Kumar et al. (115) to identify the hydrocarbon components of a petroleum naphtha fraction (boiling range 40 to 150°C). The analysis was performed under isothermal conditions.

The authors aim to investigate the use of pyrolysis for the processing of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs). The aim was to make the process of separating the organic, metallic, and glass fibre fractions of PCBs much easier and therefore make recycling of each PCB fraction more viable.

The PCBs were pyrolysed in a fixed bed reactor at 850°C. The organic fraction released by the boards was analysed by a variety of gas chromatography techniques. The residue that remained after pyrolysis was analysed by ICP‐MS to determine the type of metals that were present.

When PCBs were heated to 800°C in an oxygen free atmosphere, the organic fraction decomposed to form volatile oils and gases leaving behind the metal and glass fibre fraction of the boards. The pyrolysed boards were very friable and the different fractions (metal components, copper power boards, glass fibre, etc.) could be easily separated. The recovered metals could then be recycled by traditional routes with particular emphasis being placed on the recovery and recycling of rare and precious metals. The organic oils and gases which are produced during pyrolysis of PCBs can either be used as a chemical feedstock or as a fuel.

The research was only carried out on a very small scale so an investigation into scale‐up must be performed.

By using pyrolysis, the organic and metallic fraction of PCBs can be separated and recycled.

This paper presents a novel method for resource recovery from PCBs.

The liquid extract obtained from the natural cashew nutshell is rich in phenolic substances which are derived from anacardic acid C6H3(OH) (CO2H) (C15H31‐n), where n may have values of 0, 2, 4 or 6 and represents various degrees of unsaturation in the aliphatic C15 side‐chain. Industrial decarboxylation of this material affords cardanol C6H4(OH) (C15H31‐n) plus other substituted phenols and polymeric residues. Tyman et al. (197, 198) have studied the analysis of all these products using GC, molecular distillation, TLC and mass spectrometry. After hydrogenation and the formation of the corresponding methyl esters, the products were analysed by GC using glass columns (5ft × 3/16in) packed with acid washed and silanized Diatomite as support material and which was coated with non‐polar stationary phases such as SE30, SE25 or APL, or semi‐polar phases such as 0V17, Dexil 300 or PEGA. Alternatively, the samples were subjected to an acetylation procedure prior to GC examination on columns containing Dexil 300, SE30 or SE52. The GC equipment consisted of a Pye‐Unicam model 104 instrument operated with nitrogen carrier gas (flow rate 45cm3 min−1) and equipped with FID.