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Article
Publication date: 4 January 2011

Grzegorz Ombach

In the last few years, the understanding of environmental problems has grown. Car producers – original equipment manufacturers – are aiming to reduce fuel consumption and…

1104

Abstract

Purpose

In the last few years, the understanding of environmental problems has grown. Car producers – original equipment manufacturers – are aiming to reduce fuel consumption and pollution. In order to fulfil these aims, new technologies have been launched. Many hydraulics systems have been removed and replaced with electric ones, e.g. power steering, water and oil pump, etc. In this paper, an electromechanical subsystem used in an automotive application is analyzed. The subsystem is composed of interior permanent synchronous magnet motor and electronic control unit. The range of mechanical output power for studied system is up to 1 kW. The aim of this paper is to compare electromechanical systems working with different on‐board voltage levels in order to find the optimum balance between motors' and electronics' efficiency. This will help to decrease the total system's weight, the consequence of which will decrease fuel consumption and reduce CO2 emissions.

Design/methodology/approach

During the analysis, the reduced order modelling (ROM) techniques has been applied. First, with utilization of finite‐elemente‐methode the basic motor's parameter like: synchronous inductance and flux per pole as a function of the direct‐axis current and also the quadrature‐axis current are calculated. In the second step, these parameters are used in the system simulation. During this simulation, the maximum torque per ampere control strategy together with ROM techniques was used.

Findings

As a result, the performance of the system for different voltage levels has been obtained. Additionally, the important factors for an electromechanical system, such as maximum power density, sizing and cost of the total electromechanical system, have been compared.

Practical implications

The performed comparison shows that the cost optimized system should work with the higher voltage, where the electric motor size is reduced ca. 25 per cent. This result is also valid for different electromechanical systems in an automotive area, e.g. automated manual transmission, engine cooling and electric compressor.

Originality/value

It is the first paper, where electric power steering system design for different on‐board voltage levels has been systematically analyzed and compared. Results from this paper can be also applied to different electromechanical systems mounted in hybrid or electric cars.

Details

COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering, vol. 30 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0332-1649

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 January 2013

Wojciech Chlebosz and Grzegorz Ombach

In order to reduce CO2 emissions of new cars many hydraulic and mechanical systems like e.g.: water pump, oil pump, power steering, clime compressor have been exchanged with pure…

Abstract

Purpose

In order to reduce CO2 emissions of new cars many hydraulic and mechanical systems like e.g.: water pump, oil pump, power steering, clime compressor have been exchanged with pure electromechanical systems, which are driven only on request. This helps to reduce fuel consumption. This trend requires of utilization of modern brushless electric motors, which are controlled from power electronic control unit – ECU. In today's car can be found between 30 to 150 electric motors. Many of them are still simple brush type with ferrite magnets. Also in this area, drift in the direction of brushless motors can bee seen, because of higher efficiency, longer lifetime, lower noise, better EMC and more controllable torque vs speed characteristic. There are different technological solutions, which can been used in the area of brushless motors in order to reduce size and cost of single component. One major factor of BLDC/AC motor is rear earth permanent magnet material used during production. A magnet material cost could be in the range from 30 percent (basis price 2010) up to 90 percent (basis price 2011) of total material motor cost, depends on actual rear earth material price level. In order to reduce magnet cost, the aim of this paper is to find the most robust motor design, which can be resistant against maximum temperature and phase current amplitude for the same magnet material properties, coercive force – Hcj. This behaviour is called demagnetization property.

Design/methodology/approach

Analysis was performed based on review of literature, own theoretical and practical research and experience in the area of electromechanical systems for automotive application. During motor analysis computer numerical simulation method, CAD and experiment were used.

Findings

As a result, comparison of different motors' topologies with different properties of magnet materials is presented. The worked out methodology shows very good correlation between simulations and measurements. This work can be used in order to reduce test effort and reduce cost of design.

Practical implications

The presented methodology reduces for new designs test effort and development cost and gives an implication of robust motor topology for demagnetization effects.

Originality/value

It is the first paper where demagnetization effects have been studied theoretically and in laboratory in order to find the most robust design, reduce magnet cost by reduction of dysprosium content and develop simulation procedure for analysis of demagnetizations behaviours of interior and surface permanent magnet.

Details

COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering, vol. 32 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0332-1649

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 26 August 2014

K. Wang, Z.Q. Zhu, G. Ombach and W. Chlebosz

The purpose of this paper is to investigate torque ripple and magnetic force on the teeth in interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines over a wide range of speed operation for…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate torque ripple and magnetic force on the teeth in interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines over a wide range of speed operation for electrical power steering (EPS) applications.

Design/methodology/approach

The flux-weakening capability of IPM machines has been analysed by finite element method considering the effect of cross-coupling between d- and q-axis current. The traditional method of analysing torque ripple is based on constant torque and flux-weakening region. However, the cross-coupling need to be considered when applying this technique to flux-weakening region. Meanwhile, the torque ripple with current amplitude and angle and with different speed in the flux-weakening region is also investigated. In addition, the magnetic force on the teeth due to the separated teeth with stator yoke is also investigated during the constant torque and flux-weakening region.

Findings

The torque ripple and magnetic force on teeth in IPM machine are dependent on current and current angle. Both the lowest torque ripple and magnetic force on teeth exist over the whole torque-speed region.

Research limitations/implications

The purely sinusoidal currents are applied in this analysis and the effects of harmonics in the current on torque ripple and magnetic force on teeth are not considered in this application. The 12-slot/10-pole IPM machine has been employed in this analysis, but this work can be continued to investigate different slot/pole number combinations.

Originality/value

This paper has analysed the torque ripple and magnetic force on the teeth in IPM machines for EPS application over a wide range of operation speed, which are the main cause of vibration and acoustic noise. The variation of torque ripple with current amplitude and angle as well as speed in the flux-weakening region is also investigated. In addition, the magnetic force on the teeth is also investigated over the whole torque-speed region.

Details

COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol. 33 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0332-1649

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 January 2012

Grzegorz Ombach

An electrical revolution in the automotive sector was decided on at the end of 2008, when the European Parliament passed legislation of lower CO2 emissions of new cars. This…

1138

Abstract

Purpose

An electrical revolution in the automotive sector was decided on at the end of 2008, when the European Parliament passed legislation of lower CO2 emissions of new cars. This causes and forces the development of alternative concepts of propulsion systems and alternative fuels. These new trends of propulsion technologies such as hybrid and pure electric drive will have an impact on the entire design of cars. The purpose of this paper is to present an evolution of selected fractional horsepower electrical drives used in cars. Analysis of electromechanical components can be divided into two groups: the first one contains the currently used subsystems, e.g. electric power steering system, engine cooling systems, etc.; and the second one presents the development of new components, e.g. electric air‐conditioning compressor and other by‐wire technologies. Additionally, the development and trends of new materials and technologies used in electrical drives for the automotive industry are presented.

Design/methodology/approach

Performed analysis based on a review of the literature and the author's own research and experience in the area of electromechanical systems for automotive applications. During motor design, computer numerical simulation method, CAD and experiment were used. The development perspectives in the area of electromechanical systems in automotive area are presented. Additionally, the evolution of fractional horse power electric motors, with the influence of new developments in the area of electric vehicles, are analysed and presented.

Findings

The presented analysis shows that a change of technology from brush type motors into brushless is inevitable. Additionally, further miniaturization will be conducted using a higher energy permanent magnet. Furthermore, an increase of efficiency will be achieved by increasing the voltage level from 12 V to 48 V or even higher, e.g. 120 V.

Originality/value

This is the first paper, where, in a comprehensive way, developments of fractional horse power electromechanical systems for electric and hybrid vehicles are presented. The results of this paper can be utilized during the creation of the products' road‐maps in this area.

Details

COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering, vol. 31 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0332-1649

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 5 January 2015

K. Wang, Z.Q. Zhu, G. Ombach, M. Koch, S. Zhang and J. Xu

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of stator and rotor pole number combinations together with the flux-barrier layers number on the performance of…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of stator and rotor pole number combinations together with the flux-barrier layers number on the performance of synchronous reluctance machine with emphasis on output torque capability and torque ripple.

Design/methodology/approach

AC synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM) or permanent magnet assisted SynRM presently receives a great deal of interest, since there is less or even no rare-earth permanent magnet in the rotor. Most of SynRM machines employ a stator that is originally designed for a standard squirrel cage induction motor for a similar output rating and application, or the SynRM machine with 24-slot, four-pole are often directly chosen for investigation in most of the available literature. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the influence of stator and rotor pole number combinations together with the flux-barrier layers number on the performance of SynRM machine with emphasis on output torque capability and torque ripple.

Findings

The average torque decreases with the increase of the pole numbers but remain almost constant when employing different stator slot numbers but with the same pole number. In addition, the torque ripple decreases significantly with the increase of the stator slot number. The machine with double-layer flux-barrier in the rotor has the biggest average torque, while the machines with three- and four-layer flux-barrier in the rotor have almost the same average torque but their value is slightly smaller than that of machine with double-layer flux-barrier. However, the machine with three-layer flux-barrier has the lowest torque ripple but the highest torque ripple exists in the machine with double-layer flux-barrier.

Research limitations/implications

The purely sinusoidal currents are applied in this analysis and the effects of harmonics in the current on torque ripple are not considered in this application.

Originality/value

This paper has analyzed the torque ripple and average torque of SynRMs with considering slot/pole number combinations together with the flux-barrier number.

Details

COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol. 34 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0332-1649

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 5 January 2015

K. Wang, Z.Q. Zhu, G. Ombach, M. Koch, S. Zhang and J. Xu

The purpose of this paper is to reduce the torque ripple but not to decrease the average torque of synchronous reluctance machines by using one step or more than two axially…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to reduce the torque ripple but not to decrease the average torque of synchronous reluctance machines by using one step or more than two axially laminated rotors with asymmetric flux-barrier.

Design/methodology/approach

A 24-slot four-pole synchronous reluctance machine with overlapping windings and asymmetric flux-barrier in the rotor is, first, described and designed by finite element (FE) method for maximizing average torque. The dimensions of asymmetric flux-barrier including the pole span angle and flux-barrier angle will be optimized to minimize the torque ripple and its influence on the average torque is also investigated by FE analysis. The impact of current angle on the average torque and torque ripple are also analysed. The step laminations together with the asymmetric flux-barrier are employed for further torque ripple reduction which can consider the both rotation directions.

Findings

The torque ripple of synchronous reluctance machine can be significantly reduced by employing asymmetric flux-barrier but the average torque is not reduced.

Research limitations/implications

The purely sinusoidal currents are applied in this analysis and the effects of harmonics in the current on torque ripple are not considered in this application. The 24-slot/four-pole synchronous reluctance machine with single-layer flux-barrier has been employed in this analysis, but this work can be continued to investigate the synchronous reluctance machine with multilayer flux-barrier. This asymmetric flux-barrier can be easily applied to permanent magnet (PM)-assisted synchronous reluctance machine and the interior PM machine with flux-barrier in the rotor, since the space which is used for PM insertion is the same as the SynRM machines.

Originality/value

This paper has analysed the torque ripple and average torque of synchronous reluctance machines with asymmetric flux-barrier and step laminations with asymmetric flux-barrier. The torque ripple can be reduced by this flux-barrier arrangement. The difference of this technique with the other techniques such as stator/rotor skew is that the average torque can be improved.

Details

COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol. 34 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0332-1649

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 January 2012

C.F. Wang, J.X. Shen, P.C.K. Luk, W.Z. Fei and M.J. Jin

The purpose of this paper is to present the design procedure of an interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor used in electric power steering (EPS), and some critical issues which have…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the design procedure of an interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor used in electric power steering (EPS), and some critical issues which have considerable impacts on the machine's performance are fully discussed before detailed sizing optimization.

Design/methodology/approach

The design specifications are derived according to application overall requirements. Critical issues which have considerable impacts on the machine's performance, such as operation mode, rotor structure and slot/pole combination, are analyzed based on literature review. The proposed machine is optimized, and the losses and efficiency are computed, using 2‐D finite element analysis (FEA).

Findings

Before detailed sizing optimization, machine type selection is fully discussed. Aspects such as brushless ac (BLAC) operation mode, IPM rotor structure and combination of 12‐slot/10‐pole are quite suitable for EPS application. Consequently, a 12‐slot/10‐pole sinusoidally excited IPM machine with concentrated windings is selected, since it is convenient to obtain sinusoidal back electromotive force (back‐EMF), minimum cogging torque and torque ripple, short end windings and high efficiency, as well as simple rotor assembly. The estimated excellent performance confirms that the proposed machine can be an attractive solution for EPS.

Research limitations/implications

The excitation current is ideal sinusoidal, while some harmonic components are neglected. Besides, in future, the experimental test should be carried out for validation.

Originality/value

A reasonable design procedure, where the motor type selection should be first addressed before detailed sizing design, is carried out. A 12‐slot/10‐pole sinusoidally excited IPM machine with concentrated windings is provided as a quite competitive candidate for EPS application.

Details

COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering, vol. 31 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0332-1649

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 26 August 2014

Jianxin Shen, Kang Wang, Dan Shi, Canfei Wang and Mengjia Jin

The purpose of this paper is to present the optimal design of a low-cost interior permanent magnet (IPM) alternating current (AC) motor. It examines the influence of the permanent…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the optimal design of a low-cost interior permanent magnet (IPM) alternating current (AC) motor. It examines the influence of the permanent magnet (PM) materials, and proposes a simple and practical method of optimizing the air-gap field to achieve sinusoidal back electromotive force (EMF), and to reduce the cogging torque.

Design/methodology/approach

IPM AC motors with different magnet materials and various topologies are comparatively studied. Finite element method (FEM) is used to predict the performances of these designs. Material costs and manufacture costs are both taken into account. Finally, an optimized design is prototyped and tested, validating the design considerations.

Findings

In an IPM AC motor, even if the rotor outer profile is round, the air-gap field distribution can be fined, while the cogging torque can be significantly reduced, by properly shaping the stator tooth tips. Nevertheless, this technique is usually applicable to motor configurations with concentrated windings, but not to those with distributed windings.

Originality/value

While using ferrite magnets for PM AC motors with a kW power, interior magnets are usually inserted in V-shaped slots, and the rotor outer profile is often shaped in order to enhance the air-gap field distribution. However, such a rotor configuration usually increases the manufacture costs, and also deteriorates the consistency of mass production. Therefore, a new motor configuration with a round rotor outer profile and shaped stator tooth tips is proposed. It can not only overcome the aforementioned problems, but also improve the motor performance.

Details

COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol. 33 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0332-1649

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 26 September 2018

Brahim Ladghem Chikouche, Kamel Boughrara and Rachid Ibtiouen

This paper aims to the improvement of permanent magnet shape in the popular permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is proposed in this paper in view to mitigate cogging…

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to the improvement of permanent magnet shape in the popular permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is proposed in this paper in view to mitigate cogging torque magnitude and torque ripple.

Design/methodology/approach

A two-dimensional exact analytical approach of magnetic field distribution is established for the PMSM considering magnet shape and slot opening. The optimal magnet shape is constituted of small number of layers stacked radially. The thickness of each magnet layer is considered equal to about one mm or more; however, a parametric study was performed to determine pole pitch ratio value. The finite element method is used to validate the analytical results.

Findings

Cogging torque peaks and torque ripples can be mitigated significantly more than 90 per cent compared to results issued from machine having classical magnet shape. Raising the number of magnet layers can give better results. The results of this paper are compared also with those issued from the machine having sinusoidal magnet shape and give a good solution.

Originality/value

A new technique for cogging torque and torque ripple mitigation is proposed in this paper by changing permanent magnet shape. The proposed final magnet shape is constituted of a set of stacked and well-dimensioned layers relative to the opening angle.

Details

COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering, vol. 37 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0332-1649

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 30 September 2022

Ali Jamali Fard and Mojtaba Mirsalim

Rotor shape optimization is crucial in designing synchronous reluctance machines (SynRMs) because the machine performance is directly proportional to the rotor’s magnetic saliency…

Abstract

Purpose

Rotor shape optimization is crucial in designing synchronous reluctance machines (SynRMs) because the machine performance is directly proportional to the rotor’s magnetic saliency ratio. The rotor geometry in synchronous reluctance machines is complex, and many geometrical parameters must be optimized. When fluid flux-barrier geometry is desirable, using analytic equations to prepare the rotor geometry for finite element analysis could be tedious. This paper aims to provide a robust numerical procedure to draw the fluid flux-barrier geometry in transversally laminated radial flux inner and outer rotor SynRMs by directly solving the magnetic vector potential equation using the finite difference method..

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the goal is to have a robust procedure for drawing the rotor geometry for an arbitrary number of slots (Ns), poles (p) and flux-barrier layers (Nfb). Therefore, this paper targeted several combinations to investigate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The MATLAB software is used to implement the proposed algorithm. The ANSYS Maxwell software is used for counterpart finite element simulation to check the correctness of the results derived by the proposed method.

Findings

Several inner and outer rotor SynRMs considering a different number of poles and a different number of flux-barrier layers per pole are studied to investigate the performance of the proposed algorithm. Results corresponding to each case are presented, and it is shown that the method is robust, flexible and fast enough, which could be used for the generation of the rotor geometry for the finite element analysis effectively.

Originality/value

The value of the proposed algorithm is its simplicity and straightforwardness in its implementation for the preparation of the rotor geometry with the desired fluid flux-barrier layer curvature resolution suitable for the finite element analysis. The procedure presented in this paper is based on the ideal magnetic loading concept, and in future works, a similar idea could be used for linear and axial flux SynRMs.

Details

COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering , vol. 42 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0332-1649

Keywords

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