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Book part
Publication date: 25 April 2014

Using crisp and fuzzy set-theoretic analyses for middle-range theorising: a configurational comparative approach to case-based research

Farshid Shams

The aim of this chapter is to introduce a methodology that enables researchers to employ a set of systematic comparative tools and techniques in their multiple case study…

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Abstract

The aim of this chapter is to introduce a methodology that enables researchers to employ a set of systematic comparative tools and techniques in their multiple case study research that allow them to move from drawing loose comparisons towards a more formalised type of analysis, while simultaneously paying attention to within-case complexities. This methodology stands between the qualitative and the quantitative methods and helps researchers to build middle-range theories (Mjoset, 2001) from small to intermediate numbers of cases. This methodology encompasses a number of techniques including crisp and fuzzy set-theoretic qualitative comparative analyses, which have been used in a wide range of social science disciplines. However, these techniques have not received sufficient attention from higher education scholars.

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Theory and Method in Higher Education Research II
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3628(2014)0000010014
ISBN: 978-1-78350-823-5

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Article
Publication date: 19 April 2013

The investigation of multiple paths to success in college‐level mathematics: A fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis

Sally A. Lesik and Maria T. Mitchell

This paper aims to describe how a fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis can be used to describe which combinations of academic factors are most influential for achieving…

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to describe how a fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis can be used to describe which combinations of academic factors are most influential for achieving success in college‐level mathematics. Using a fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis allows for the comparison of all possible combinations for a collection of predictor variables, as well as strategies for determining which configurations of these sets of variables are the most consistent with success in college‐level mathematics. Recent advances in fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis techniques have now integrated traditional qualitative comparative analysis strategies with formal statistical tests, thus allowing for the analysis and comparison of complex relationships that are difficult to describe with more traditional statistical methods such as regression analysis.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 259 full‐time, first‐time freshmen at a large state university in the USA. They were analysed using fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis (FQCA).

Findings

Findings from this study suggest that the most parsimonious configuration of college remediation status, spending less time away from mathematics, and doing better in high school mathematics are key to success in college‐level mathematics.

Originality/value

Although numerous studies have made great progress in describing the complex relationship between prior mathematics exposure in high school with success in college‐level mathematics, one limitation of many studies is that they rely on analytic methods that only estimate the net effect of a single predictor variable, or a very small collection of predictor variables. This study utilises fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis (FQCA) which can be used to analyze more complex interrelationships among a collection of predictor variables.

Details

Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, vol. 5 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17581181311310261
ISSN: 2050-7003

Keywords

  • College‐level mathematics
  • Fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis
  • Mathematics achievement
  • Colleges
  • Mathematics

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Book part
Publication date: 11 May 2007

New Methods for Comparative Research?

Claude Rubinson and Charles C. Ragin

Shalev's (2007) critique of the use of multiple regression in comparative research brings together and synthesizes a variety of previous critiques, ranging from those…

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Abstract

Shalev's (2007) critique of the use of multiple regression in comparative research brings together and synthesizes a variety of previous critiques, ranging from those focusing on foundational issues (e.g., the persistent problem of limited diversity), to estimation issues (e.g., the unrealistic assumption of correct model specification), to narrow technical issues (e.g., the difficulty of deriving valid standard errors for regression coefficients in pooled cross-sectional time-series models). Broadly speaking, these concerns can be described as epistemological, theoretical, and methodological, respectively. While the distinctions among these three are not always clear-cut, the tripartite scheme provides a useful way to map the different kinds of critiques that may be directed at the use of regression analysis in comparative research. In the first half of this essay we build upon Shalev's discussion to clarify the conditions under which regression analysis may be epistemologically, theoretically, or methodologically inappropriate for comparative research. Our goal is to situate Shalev's specific critiques of the use of multiple regression in comparative work within the context of social research in general.

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Capitalisms Compared
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-6310(06)24013-4
ISBN: 978-1-84950-414-0

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Book part
Publication date: 10 April 2019

Qualitative Comparative Analysis in Entrepreneurship: Exploring the Approach and Noting Opportunities for the Future

Petteri T. Leppänen, Aaron F. McKenny and Jeremy C. Short

Research in entrepreneurship is increasingly exploring how archetypes, taxonomies, typologies, and configurations can help scholars understand complex entrepreneurial…

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Abstract

Research in entrepreneurship is increasingly exploring how archetypes, taxonomies, typologies, and configurations can help scholars understand complex entrepreneurial phenomena. We illustrate the potential for set-theoretic methods to inform this literature by offering best practices regarding how qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) can be used to explore research questions of interest to entrepreneurship scholars. Specifically, we introduce QCA, document how this approach has been used in management research, and provide step-by-step guidance to empower scholars to use this family of methods. We put a particular emphasis on the analytical procedures and offer solutions to dealing with potential pitfalls when using QCA-based methods and highlight opportunities for future entrepreneurship research.

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Standing on the Shoulders of Giants
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-838720190000011010
ISBN: 978-1-78756-336-0

Keywords

  • Qualitative comparative analysis
  • entrepreneurship
  • set theory
  • crisp sets
  • fuzzy sets
  • configurations

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Article
Publication date: 30 November 2020

How to choose a fuzzy similarity measure in decision-making?

Bernadette Bouchon-Meunier and Giulianella Coletti

The paper is dedicated to the analysis of fuzzy similarity measures in uncertainty analysis in general, and in economic decision-making in particular. The purpose of this…

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Abstract

Purpose

The paper is dedicated to the analysis of fuzzy similarity measures in uncertainty analysis in general, and in economic decision-making in particular. The purpose of this paper is to explain how a similarity measure can be chosen to quantify a qualitative description of similarities provided by experts of a given domain, in the case where the objects to compare are described through imprecise or linguistic attribute values represented by fuzzy sets. The case of qualitative dissimilarities is also addressed and the particular case of their representation by distances is presented.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach is based on measurement theory, following Tversky’s well-known paradigm.

Findings

A list of axioms which may or may not be satisfied by a qualitative comparative similarity between fuzzy objects is proposed, as extensions of axioms satisfied by similarities between crisp objects. They enable to express necessary and sufficient conditions for a numerical similarity measure to represent a comparative similarity between fuzzy objects. The representation of comparative dissimilarities is also addressed by means of specific functions depending on the distance between attribute values.

Originality/value

Examples of functions satisfying certain axioms to represent comparative similarities are given. They are based on the choice of operators to compute intersection, union and difference of fuzzy sets. A simple application of this methodology to economy is given, to show how a measure of similarity can be chosen to represent intuitive similarities expressed by an economist by means of a quantitative measure easily calculable. More detailed and formal results are given in Coletti and Bouchon-Meunier (2020) for similarities and Coletti et al. (2020) for dissimilarities.

Details

Asian Journal of Economics and Banking, vol. 4 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEB-08-2020-0055
ISSN: 2615-9821

Keywords

  • Fuzzy sets
  • Similarity measures
  • Dissimilarity measure
  • Measurement theory
  • Qualitative choice
  • C00
  • C18
  • C10
  • MSC2020 classification – 91C05
  • 03E72
  • 03B52
  • 91C20

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Book part
Publication date: 7 December 2016

Fuzzy Set Social Science and Qualitative Comparative Analysis

Arch G. Woodside

Prior reports on theory and research focusing on describing and explaining national cultural influences on purchase and consumption behavior use a net effects approach…

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Synopsis

Prior reports on theory and research focusing on describing and explaining national cultural influences on purchase and consumption behavior use a net effects approach (i.e., theory and analysis relying on main and interaction effects via statistical analysis). Theory and research in this chapter advances qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) of a configuration perspective of culture's consequences on consumption behavior. This research informs the view that national cultures represent causal recipes (conjunctions) of cultural values; the study of main and interaction effects offer meager representations of national culture's consequences in comparison to adopting a cultural configuration stance. The configuration research here includes transforming Hofstede's country cultural scores into fuzzy set values and applying Boolean algebra to estimate the relevancy of alternative cultural configurations for each of 14 nations to consuming experiences during visits to Australia. The findings support primary and additional hypotheses that specific cultural configurations are sufficient (but not necessary) for describing substantial culture's consequences on consuming tourism experiences. For example, the animus (i.e., Carl Jung's unconscious masculine personality-force) configuration — the combination of high power (P), high individualism (I), high masculine (M), and low uncertainty avoidance (∼U) (i.e., P·I·M·∼U) — is sufficient in indicating not-shopping-for-gifts while visiting Australia. Western national cultures (e.g., United States) have higher fuzzy set scores than Eastern national cultures (e.g., Japan) for the animus configuration.

Details

Case Study Research
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78560-461-420152030
ISBN: 978-1-78560-461-4

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Book part
Publication date: 8 June 2011

Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Strategic Management Research: Current State and Future Prospects

Thomas Greckhamer and Kevin W. Mossholder

Purpose – This chapter examines the potential of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) for strategy research.Methodology/approach – We introduce the set-theoretic…

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Abstract

Purpose – This chapter examines the potential of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) for strategy research.

Methodology/approach – We introduce the set-theoretic framework of QCA and provide an overview of recent methodological developments.

Findings – We utilize a variety of examples relevant to strategy research to illustrate the action steps and key concepts involved in conducting a QCA study.

Originality/value of paper – We develop examples from core research areas in strategic management to illustrate QCA's potential for examining issues of causality and diversity in strategy research, and in settings involving medium-N samples. We conclude by emphasizing that QCA offers an alternative mode of inquiry to open and redirect important lines of strategy research.

Details

Building Methodological Bridges
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-8387(2011)0000006010
ISBN: 978-1-78052-026-1

Keywords

  • Qualitative comparative analysis
  • QCA
  • strategy
  • set theory
  • crisp sets
  • fuzzy sets

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Article
Publication date: 18 April 2020

Success factors in managing the sponsor–sponsee relationship—a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis for state-owned enterprises in Germany

Bjoern Ivens, Florian Riedmueller and Peter van Dyck

The purpose of this paper is to provide meaningful information about sponsorship management in state-owned enterprises.

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide meaningful information about sponsorship management in state-owned enterprises.

Design/methodology/approach

Qualitative and quantitative data from Germany are analyzed in a case study approach using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (Fs/QCA)—an analytic method relevant for describing configurational patterns of causal factors.

Findings

The case study of sponsorships from state-owned enterprises in Germany reveals four alternative configurations of top-management support, sponsee prominence, standardized processes, and sponsorship leverage explaining sponsor satisfaction.

Originality/value

The paper combines two underrepresented but important aspects of sponsorship research, i.e. sponsorship management in state-owned enterprises, in an empirical study. Further, present study adds to sponsorship literature by pointing to fuzzy-set Fs/QCA as a relatively novel method that can capture the phenomenon of complex causality.

Details

International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, vol. 21 no. 4
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-09-2019-0102
ISSN: 1464-6668

Keywords

  • Sponsorship
  • Relationship marketing
  • Sponsor satisfaction
  • Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (Fs/QCA)
  • State-owned enterprises

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Article
Publication date: 8 October 2018

Configurations of factors affecting triage decision-making: A fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis

Cristina Ponsiglione, Adelaide Ippolito, Simonetta Primario and Giuseppe Zollo

The purpose of this paper is to explore the configuration of factors affecting the accuracy of triage decision-making. The contribution of the work is twofold: first, it…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the configuration of factors affecting the accuracy of triage decision-making. The contribution of the work is twofold: first, it develops a protocol for applying a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) in the context of triage decision-making, and second, it studies, through two pilot cases, the interplay between individual and organizational factors in determining the emergence of errors in different decisional situations.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology adopted in this paper is the qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). The fuzzy-set variant of QCA (fsQCA) is implemented. The data set has been collected during field research carried out in the Emergency Departments (EDs) of two Italian public hospitals.

Findings

The results of this study show that the interplay between individual and contextual/organizational factors determines the emergence of errors in triage assessment. Furthermore, there are some regularities in the patterns discovered in each of the investigated organizational contexts. These findings suggest that we should avoid isolating individual factors from the context in which nurses make their decisions.

Originality/value

Previous research on triage has mainly explored the impact of homogeneous groups of factors on the accuracy of the triage process, without considering the complexity of the phenomenon under investigation. This study outlines the need to consider the not-linear relationships among different factors in the study of triage’s decision-making. The definition and implementation of a protocol to apply fsQCA to the triage process in EDs further contributes to the originality of the research.

Details

Management Decision, vol. 56 no. 10
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-10-2017-0999
ISSN: 0025-1747

Keywords

  • Fuzzy sets
  • Qualitative comparative analysis
  • Heuristics
  • Individual and organizational factors
  • Triage accuracy
  • Triage decision-making

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Article
Publication date: 4 November 2014

A qualitative comparative analysis of neighborhood recovery following Hurricane Katrina

Elizabeth Jordan, Amy Javernick-Will and Bernard Amadei

The purpose of this research is to examine why communities facing the same disaster recover differentially and determine pathways to successful disaster recovery in the…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to examine why communities facing the same disaster recover differentially and determine pathways to successful disaster recovery in the research setting of New Orleans neighborhoods affected by Hurricane Katrina. While previous studies suggest that there are a variety of pathways to recovery, a broader cross-case comparison is necessary to generalize these pathways into a recovery framework. Specifically, this study seeks to determine what pre-disaster and post-disaster causal factors, alone or in combination, were important to recovery following Hurricane Katrina.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents a cross-case comparative study of neighborhood-level recovery. Based on prior work, which used the Delphi method to determine hypothesized causal factors and indicators of recovery, data was collected through publically available sources, including the US Census, the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center and previously completed studies for 18 damaged neighborhoods. Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis was used due to its ability to analyze both quantitative and qualitative data for smaller case studies.

Findings

The results show that there are multiple pathways combining pre-disaster community factors and post-disaster actions that led to recovery, as measured by population return. For example, economic capacity is nearly sufficient for recovery, but a combination of low social vulnerability, post-disaster community participation, a high proportion of pre-World War II housing stock and high amounts of post-disaster funds also led to recovery.

Originality/value

This research uses a novel method to link pre-disaster measures of resilience and vulnerability to recovery outcomes and, through cross-case comparison, generates results that will enable researchers to develop a theory of sustainable community recovery.

Details

International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, vol. 5 no. 4
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDRBE-03-2013-0006
ISSN: 1759-5908

Keywords

  • Disaster recovery
  • Qualitative comparative analysis
  • Cross-case comparison
  • Sustainable community recovery
  • USA

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