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Several recent developments (notably, the breakdown of traditional distinctions between different types of financial activity, the globalisation of financial markets and increasing emphasis on systemic stability as a regulatory objective) have prompted policy‐makers to search for an ‘optimum’ regulatory structure that is adapted to the new market environment. Further impetus has been given to this debate by the radical overhaul of regulatory structures, along quite different lines in Australia, the UK and Japan, and the ongoing deliberations within the US Congress over structured financial reform. This paper examines alternative ways of organising the regulatory function in the context of the new financial market environment. The first section reviews the objectives, targets and techniques of regulation. The second section describes the new market environment and the restructuring of the financial services industry. The third section assesses the implications of this new environment for the structure of regulation. The fourth section addresses the international dimension. The final section provides a summary and conclusion. The paper is based on a presentation made at the World Bank Conference, El Salvador, June 1998.

In Israel, institution staff classify residents’ functional status as part of the routine governmental surveillance of institutions for semi‐independent and frail elderly. However, owing to a lack of clarity and specificity in the regulation which defines functional status categories, nurse surveyors, who conduct the routine surveillance of institutions, have begun to make their own estimates of functional status. Data were collected and compared on the functional status classification of 78 per cent of the elderly residents by institution staff and nurse surveyors. Data analysis showed that the poorer the functional status, the less congruity between the classifications. This has practical consequences for estimating the number and type of staff needed. It was found that the waste of resources and discrepancies caused by reclassification of the elderly by the nurse surveyors may be avoided by using more specific and precise definitions as suggested in this article.

Considerable efforts have been exercised to influence the intestinal microbiota by dietary means in such a way that the health of host is beneficially affected. Consumer's belief that certain foods can exhibit health benefits has resulted in the coining of the term functional foods. Functional foods exist at the interface between food and drugs, therefore offers great potential for health improvement and prevention of diseases when ingested as part of a balanced diet. The purpose of this paper is to examine functional foods as self‐care and complementary medicine.

The paper explores various aspects of functional foods such as the reasons for consumer's inclination, health claims, formulation, regulation, and labeling.

Any food can be regarded as functional if it can be demonstrated to affect beneficially one or more target functions in the body or reduce disease risk besides basic nutrition. Health beneficial properties of functional foods suggest their application as self‐care and complementary medicine.

Ingestion of functional food may help in maintaining the intestinal microbiota and prevent disease risk beyond their basic nutritional needs.

Research in industrial and organizational psychology demonstrates that the regulation of negative emotions in response to both organizational stressors and interpersonal workplace interactions can result in functional and dysfunctional outcomes (Côté, 2005; Diefendorff, Richard, & Yang, 2008). Research on the regulation of negative emotions has additionally been conducted in social psychology, developmental psychology, neuropsychology, health psychology, and clinical psychology. A close reading of this broader literature, however, reveals that the conceptualization and use of the term “emotion regulation” varies within each research field as well as across these fields. The main focus of our chapter is to make sense of the term “emotion regulation” in the workplace by considering its use across a broad range of psychology disciplines. We then develop an overarching theoretical framework using disambiguating terminology to highlight what we argue are the important constructs involved in the process of intrapersonal emotion generation, emotional experience regulation, and emotional expression regulation in the workplace (e.g., emotional intelligence, emotion regulation strategies, emotion expression displays). We anticipate this chapter will enable researchers and industrial and organizational psychologists to identify the conditions under which functional regulation outcomes are more likely to occur and then build interventions around these findings.

Devotes research to the psychophysiological study of mechanisms of the functional state regulation in children with minimal mental dysfunctions and a control group of normal children. Interprets the data with the help of a cybernetic model developed by R.M. Baevsky. Opines that the changes in heart rate indicate changes in the central nervous system directed to the adaptation of an organism to fulfilment of offered mental tasks. Offers a hypothesis of inadequate regulation of functional state in the children with minimal mental dysfunction based on the study of the maturation of the heart rate control system and ontogenetic development of attention and time perception functions.

An unambiguous and agreed definition of what a functional food is does not exist. However, broadly speaking, a food is said to be functional if it contains a food component which affects one or more targeted functions of the body in a positive way. Functional foods often fall into the grey area between foods and medicine, but from a regulatory standpoint they are foods and consequently subject to food regulations. According to the food labelling directive, it is not permitted to label a food in such a way that, first, it will attribute the property of preventing, treating and curing human disease, or refer to such properties, and second, that it can mislead the consumer. The first aspect refers to the claims a food product may carry and specifically prohibits health claims – even if scientifically valid. It is argued that a claim on a food is a health claim if the consumer perceives it as such. The second aspect states that a given claim must be validated by sufficient scientific evidence, and far too often associations between food intake and disease risk have been misinterpreted as causal relations.

Considers aspects of the requirements of the current building regulations as they relate to fire design and fire safety. Reviews the requirements of Part B in respect of occupancy and travel distances. States that research would suggest that a designer may be required to provide additional escape facilities in one part of the country and not in another and that research would suggest that scope for flexibility is significant.

This research investigates the effectiveness of the four health claims that the European Union (EU) authorized for extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) in terms of perceived text clarity, text interestingness, message credibility and information diagnosticity, along with the claims' effect on product attractiveness and consumers' purchase intention.

An experimental study with 185 participants investigated consumer response to the four claims. A one-way MANOVA analyzed differences in the aforementioned variables, while a sequential mediation model assessed the relationship among perceived text clarity of the EVOO health claims, information diagnosticity, product attractiveness and purchase intention.

The four EU-authorized health claims differ in terms of perceived text clarity, message credibility, information diagnosticity and product attractiveness. Specifically, the health claim on EVOO polyphenols scored lower than the other three health claims on the aforementioned dependent variables. Importantly, clearer health claims are perceived as more useful and may increase product attractiveness and consumers' purchase intention.

The research sheds light on the effectiveness of EVOO health claims. Since the use of such health claims is not a common practice in the EVOO market, a deeper understanding of consumers' perception and attitude toward them could inspire better guidelines and suggestions for claim usage and improvement.

Investment capital markets have been displaying signs of disarray and are significantly damaged. This is especially manifest in the case of the USA and some countries in Europe. Symptoms of this damage are visible. The operators are declining in number, contracting in scale and losing in asset base. The products are losing glitter and are shunned by investors. The monitors have lost creditably. And the regulators have failed at regulating. This is the focus of the following article. An analysis of damage incurred within the investment capital market and the possible projection of damage parameters within a conceptual and operational model. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

The paper starts with a definition of the damage concept, proceeds to relate damage to four forces, i.e. players, products, monitors and regulators and concludes with a conceptual and operational model for damage analysis. The paper is eclectic relying on finance, macro-economic and strategic management analytically frameworks.

A definition of investment capital market damage is proposed and an identification of several strains of this damage is made. Prime among the strains is malignant operator concentration, monitor misleading self-interest and product failure. The damage concept could be contained within a conceptual and operational model.

The derived model could provide a base for countrywide investment capital market damage level assessment and directions for policy and strategy response especially for organizations as the World Bank and the IMF.

The issue addressed is possibly never conceptually tackled within investment capital market analysis.

This paper aims to examine and discuss the factors affecting consumers' purchase intentions for ice cream in India.

This study is based on a primary survey of 340 respondents from India, collected through a well-structured questionnaire. The data has been analysed using partial least square-based structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The theory of planned behaviour (TBP) has been used to identify the determinants of the purchase intention of ice cream.

The measurement model shows that the constructs of the model have adequate convergent and discriminant validity. The findings of the structural model show the positive and significant impact of subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, and trustworthiness on attitudes and purchase intentions for ice cream. In addition, estimates also revealed that attitude has significant implications on purchase intention.

The study provides insight into the factors that influence ice cream purchase intentions in India. Corporate strategy makers and advertising managers who work for ice cream brands can look at the study to figure out how to market their products to get more customers.

The novelty and value of this study lie in choosing an unexplored product (ice cream) whose demand is continuously increasing. Perhaps this is the first study in an emerging economy like India to consider an extended version of the TPB by including health consciousness and trustworthiness to establish the relationship between ice cream purchase intention and health consciousness.