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Fully formed knitting technology is a cutting-edge technology in the design and production of knitted apparel. Using this technology and its supporting design system, a new development mode of fully formed knitted apparel with double-layer structure and fake two-piece knitwear is proposed.

Based on the upper body structure feature points of human body characteristics and single-layer knitted garment prototype, a double-layer structure knitted garment pattern was established by pattern expansion method. The model was introduced into SDS-APPEX3 design system for process design, including three aspects consists: the inner vest, the outer blouse and double-layer joint part, analysis of the process and forming principle. Weaving on four-needle bed computerized flat knitting machine of MACH-2XS, through the setting of the machine parameters. Finally, a full-shaped fake two-piece knitted blouse was formed.

On the basis of single-layer knitted garment pattern, a double-layer garment pattern is constructed, and the design and weaving are completed on the four-needle bed computerized knitting machine of MACH-2XS and its supporting SDS-APPEX3 design system through the fake two-piece double-layer garment style design. The double-layer joint model is an effective reference for the construction of this kind of fake two-piece fully formed knitted clothing.

In this paper, a design and knitting method of fully formed double-layer structure fake two-piece knitted garment is proposed. The integrated knitting of fully formed double-layer structure sweater is realized for the first time, which provides ideas for the development of fully formed double-layer structure knitted clothing style and enriches the fully formed clothing style.

The purpose of this paper is to describe very reproducible boundary lubrication tests, conducted as part of design of experiment (DOE) to study the behavior of fluorinated catalyst mixed with polutetrafluoroethylene or Teflon (PTFE) in developing environmentally friendly (reduced P and S) anti‐wear additives for future engine oil formulations. The paper presents both the statistical and experimental solution to the fluorinated interactions in fully formulated (F‐fully formulated) and plain ZDDP (F‐plain) oils.

The wear performance of fluorinated additive in combination with conventional commercial oil and ZDDP plain oil were investigated using DOE software. Several chemistry combinations were prepared and tested under extreme boundary lubrication (385 N with maximum Hertzian contact pressure of 2.72 GPa). Wear and frictional properties were evaluated using DOE and the interactions of fluorinated mix with minimum phosphorus were studied and compared with respect to fully formulated and plain ZDDP oils.

The optimized desirability shows the best condition that leads to more consistency in the breakdown of the tribofilm for a fixed contact load and fixed amount of fully formulated ZDDP oil. The influence of catalyst and PTFE fluorinated mix were examined. Scanning electron microscopy with chemistry analysis was developed. Hardness of the tribofilms, X‐ray of the wear track and Auger spectroscopy confirm the present of fluorine and phosphorus.

To ensure the reliability of the model, two original tests were conducted on the fully formulated and plain oil with minimum fluorinated mix.

SUMMARY A classification is a theory of the structure of knowledge. From a discussion of the nature of truth, it is held that scientific knowledge is the only knowledge which can be regarded as true. The method of induction from empirical data is therefore applied to the construction of a classification. Items of knowledge are divided into uniquely definable terms, called isolates, and the relations between them, called operators. It is shown that only four basic operators exist, expressing appurtenance, equivalence, reaction, and causation; using symbols for these operators, all subjects can be analysed in a linear form called an analet. With the addition of the permissible permutations of such analets, formed according to simple rules, alphabetical arrangement of the first terms provides a complete, logical subject index. Examples are given, and possible difficulties are considered. A classification can then be constructed by selection of deductive relations, arranged in hierarchical form. The nature of possible classifications is discussed. It is claimed that such an inductively constructed classification is the only true representation of the structure of knowledge, and that these principles provide a simple technique for accurately and fully indexing and classifying any given set of data, with complete flexibility.

While a printer may be the most important accessory in a personal computer system, it can also be the most annoying and disappointing part of a system. Printers can be noisy, difficult, and expensive. Their quality ranges from intolerably poor to better than typewriter output. Tastes and expectations for printed output have changed in recent years, making low‐cost printers more widely acceptable. Some of the issues involved in choosing and using a printer are discussed. A recent survey article is cited as a source of further information. Based on personal experience, the author describes and compares two low‐cost printers: the Star Micronics Gemini‐Wand Hewlett‐Packard's ThinkJet.

This study aims to analyse the changes in the microstructure and grain orientation of the full Cu₃Sn solder joint (Cu/Cu₃Sn/Cu) during isothermal aging at 420°C.

The Cu₃Sn solder joint was fabricated through soldering Cu/Sn/Cu structure and then aged at 420°C. The microstructure evolution and grain orientation were studied by observing the cross-section and top-view surfaces of solder joints.

Original Cu₃Sn solder joint initially transformed into the full Cu₄₁Sn₁₁solder joint (Cu/Cu₄₁Sn₁₁/Cu) at 10 h and finally into the full α(Cu) solder joint (Cu/α(Cu)/Cu) at 150 h during aging. Micro-voids formed in the center of the solder joint interface during the conversion of Cu₄₁Sn₁₁to α(Cu), resulting in lower reliability of the solder joint. Cu₃Sn and Cu₄₁Sn₁₁ grains presented a column-like shape, while α(Cu) presented an irregular shape. The average grain sizes of interfacial phases first increased and then decreased during aging. Original Cu₃Sn solder joint exhibited two main textures: [100]//TD and [203]//TD. For Cu₄₁Sn₁₁, the preferred orientation of [111]//TD was found in the early nucleation stage, while the orientation of the formed full Cu₄₁Sn₁₁ solder joint was dispersed. Furthermore, α(Cu) grains exhibited {100}<100> preferred orientation.

Few researchers focused on the process of microstructure and grain orientation changes during high-temperature (> 300°C) aging of Cu₃Sn solder joint. To bridge the research gap, a high-temperature aging experiment was conducted on Cu₃Sn solder joints.

The principles of the author's theory of classification are summarized, and the necessity of expressing true relations between concepts in a classification is stressed. The logical faults in existing classifications (especially U.D.C., Bliss, and Colon) are discussed in comparison. The psychological and logical bases of the author's theory are considered in greater detail than before, especially as regards the derivation of the operators. In this connexion a change has been found necessary in the writing of the reaction operator, being A/—B, for B acts on A (instead of A—/B). Four new operators are introduced, being ‘dimensional’ (time and space, &c.), ‘comparison’, ‘association’, and ‘concurrence’, the last three on a basis of learning theory and work on conditioned responses in psychology. Examples are given of their uses. Operators represent logical relations, and their meanings, in everyday language, are discussed. The selection of a preferred order for the construction of a classification is shown to be possible on a logical basis, being the fully deductive order. The problem of notation is then dealt with in detail. It is shown that a fully elastic ‘deductive’ notation, allowing extrapolation and interpolation in all ways, not achieved in other classifications, is possible, but still does not meet the requirements of inductive classification. A notation is developed which provides arbitrary symbols for isolates, connected by operator symbols, and this is shown to be the only solution which meets all the requirements for expressing an inductive classification according to the author's theory.

This chapter proposes a sociological reconstruction of the emergence of citizenship as a source of legitimacy for political institutions, and it focuses on examining the historical processes that first gave rise to this concept. It explains how citizenship has its origins in the transformation of feudal law, a process that culminated in patterns of military organization that characterized the rise of the early modern state in Europe. On this basis, it describes how the growth of constitutional democracy was integrally marked by the militarization of society and explains that military pressures have remained palpable in constitutional constructions of citizenship. In particular, it argues that, through the early growth of democracy, national citizenship practices were closely linked to global conflicts, and they tended to replicate such conflicts in national contexts. It concludes by showing how more recent processes of constitutional norm formation, based largely in international human rights law, have acted to soften the military dimensions of citizenship.

There is ample anecdotal evidence, as well as an emergent body of literature, which examines the role of entrepreneurial teams in the success and growth of businesses. Earlier research by the authors has demonstrated that the core competence required by founding entrepreneurs is the ability to build and manage relationships. Their more recent work suggests that this core competence must be based around a clear vision for the business. In other words, the founding entrepreneur must be able to build a team to deliver the business vision. A review of literature is provided in this paper, offering a definition of the concept and some of the core issues that have to be addressed by entrepreneurs and small firm policies if businesses are to continue growing. This is supported by some preliminary findings from empirical research into how entrepreneurial teams are formed. The paper continues with propositions that can lead to further research in this relatively unexplored field.

We extend emotional-labor research by developing a time-based theory of the effects of emotion regulation in emotional-labor performance. Drawing on Gross's (1998a) process model, we argue that antecedent- and response-focused regulatory styles can be used to make differential predictions about outcomes such as performance, health, and antisocial behavior and that these effects differ in shorter- and longer-time windows. We discuss the theoretical implications and address the strengths and limitations of our approach.