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Briefly reviews previous literature by the author before presenting an original 12 step system integration protocol designed to ensure the success of companies or countries in their efforts to develop and market new products. Looks at the issues from different strategic levels such as corporate, international, military and economic. Presents 31 case studies, including the success of Japan in microchips to the failure of Xerox to sell its invention of the Alto personal computer 3 years before Apple: from the success in DNA and Superconductor research to the success of Sunbeam in inventing and marketing food processors: and from the daring invention and production of atomic energy for survival to the successes of sewing machine inventor Howe in co‐operating on patents to compete in markets. Includes 306 questions and answers in order to qualify concepts introduced.

From its first patent statute, the United States awarded patents to the first person to invent. The rest of the world eventually adopted “first to file” regimes, in which the first person to file a patent application was awarded the patent. In 2013, the United States moved closer to harmonizing with the rest of the world. The America Invents Act created a “first inventor to file” system, representing the most dramatic change in US patent law in over fifty years. This chapter explores the new provisions by offering a basic operation of how they operate. It then discusses the myriad of new administrative procedures at the United States Patent and Trademark Office that were created in the America Invents Act. These procedures have the potential to challenge patents more cheaply than in litigation. The chapter discusses the various requirements and limitations of these provisions.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how entrepreneurs are reacting to the recent change in patent priority rules under the America Invents Act (AIA). The authors sought to examine the relationship between a significant change in policy concerning a class of intellectual property (IP), patents in this case, and resulting perceptions and attitudes among entrepreneurs.

The authors designed a survey and collected data from 36 practicing entrepreneurs in the upper Midwest. The survey respondents completed either a paper hard-copy survey that was available at a regional entrepreneurship and innovation conference, or an electronic version of the survey (administered through QuestionPro.com). The survey included questions about entrepreneurship experience, area of expertise, IP use history and knowledge, risk tolerance, and demographics.

The empirical findings suggest that entrepreneur practitioners have not thoroughly reviewed FTF, but they are seeking legal advice. Also, entrepreneurs disagree with the notion that they are more likely to innovate under FTF. With regard to entrepreneurial knowledge, speaking with an attorney had a significant impact on entrepreneurs’ attitudes toward FTF, leading them to worry more about how they might compete with larger firms and about sharing their ideas. Finally, after controlling for demographics, the authors find that attitudes toward FTF have already significantly impacted recent past and future intended entrepreneurial behavior.

While the literature is rich with information about the AIA, the history of IP and patenting in the USA, and the merits and challenges of first-to-file vs first-to-invent patenting policy, little has been done to study entrepreneur attitudes and perceptions regarding the implementation of AIA and its policy provisions. Understanding entrepreneur perspectives concerning AIA is a critical component in assessing impacts regarding the critical area of innovation and new venture creation.

This chapter provides an overview of five modes of intellectual property (IP) protection – patents, designs, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets – available in the United States, the European Union, and Japan. After describing the purposes of and principal differences among the five types of IP protection and outlining the advantages of each form, the chapter provides country- and region-specific information. The authors highlight the aspects of IP law in which international harmonization has, or has not yet, occurred, and offer insights into the relative advantages of various national and regional IP protection systems.

This chapter provides an overview of the five main modes of intellectual property (IP) protection – patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and designs – available in the United States, the European Union, and Japan. After describing the purposes of and principal differences among the five types of IP protection and outlining the advantages of each form, the chapter provides country- and region-specific information. The authors highlight the aspects of IP law in which international harmonization has, or has not yet, occurred, and offer insights into the relative advantages of various national and regional IP protection systems.

The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which first-year writing course guides contain instructional content and whether the ACRL Framework for information literacy has been addressed in these guides.

First-year writing course guides were identified from American Research Libraries websites and examined for instructional elements. These elements were categorized using a rubric that mapped the Framework to instructional content. Qualtrics was used to organize and analyze the data.

Most first-year writing course guides include instructional content, but less than half incorporate the Framework in some way. Guides that do incorporate the Framework focus on “searching as strategic exploration” and “research as inquiry”.

This paper provides librarians with practical information on first-year writing guides and includes examples of how the Framework might be addressed.

This study contributes to the literature on research guide content and is the first to invent first-year writing course guides.

The Green Revolution was a singular event in world history; because of the Green Revolution, world prices for all crops declined. The agricultural mechanization issue was also driven by intellectual property rights (i.e., the right to patent products), as was the agricultural chemical revolution. The livestock industrialization revolution sharply lowered the prices for all livestock products. The Gene Revolution (i.e., the recombinant DNA revolution) further lowered the cost of producing farm products. The Gene Revolution was based on three events. The first was the discovery that DNA (Delbrook) was the carrier of genetic information. The second was the discovery by Watson and Crick of the double helix structure of DNA. The third was the method of stable insertion of DNA into a host genome (Cohen and Boyer). The future of agricultural research depends on the capacity of countries to invent and imitate.

The People’s Republic of China has long craved advanced technologies, and has undertaken an overwhelming number of changes in its intellectual property laws in order to foster domestic innovation and to encourage foreign investment. China implemented its first patent law in 1985. However, implementation and enforcement of this law and its amendments have been difficult, such that many foreign firms are reluctant to invest in Chinese markets. This paper describes the many changes that have been made to Chinese patent laws, and then illustrates patent activity in China as those changes have been implemented. Managerial issues are discussed in detail.

The purpose of this paper is to further the development of strategic thinking, relevant for both academics and practitioners, about a key asset in the knowledge economy: patents.

This paper draws on existing insights on the strategic use of patents, presenting them in a coherent framework.

The paper discusses the different aspects to patent strategizing that need dedicated management attention, and discusses the key considerations to be taken into account. The paper also indicates at which levels in the organization patent strategizing needs to take place.

Practitioners will be much more aware of the strategic options for using patents to further a firm's competitive position.

The paper draws to some extent on existing knowledge about patents. Such knowledge has, however, been scattered across different domains. The strategic options for a firm of using patents have not been discussed at length or in the context of a comprehensive framework either in the academic literature or in that for practitioners.

Within the last two decades, the Japanese economic machine has developed into the leading economy in the world on a per capita income basis and second only to the USA in GNP. Contends that Japan has virtually conquered the US consumer electronics, semiconductor, and machine tool markets and, except for quotas, would have done the same for the automotive segment. Various explanations are offered for Japan’s success and some say it is because of the Japanese ability to listen to and serve their customers by delivering quality merchandise at a low price, while others point to Japanese companies’ ability to innovate. Asks how truly innovative are the Japanese. In what ways do they struggle and prosper innovatively? Examines the notion of “innovation” and how it is accomplished in Japan; explores the positives and negatives of their innovative patterns; and discusses implications for the US and international competition.