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This paper aims to investigate the temperature dependence of transfer film formation and friction coefficients in NAO friction materials with four different abrasive components, ZrO₂, ZrSiO₄, Al₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄.

8.5% SnS₂ was added as a lubricating component to friction materials. Friction tests comprised 100 times of consecutive braking application for each friction material under constant temperature of 300°C, 400°C, 500°C and 600°C. After the friction tests, the friction surfaces of the counterpart disks were examined by scanning electron microscope to access the formation of transfer film.

Coefficients of friction depended on not only friction temperature but also friction history which is related to development of transfer film. The effect of the transfer film formation was to reduce the friction coefficients for most friction materials. Quantities of the transfer film formation varied with friction materials; at low temperature below 400° the transfer film formation was most active in the Fe₃O₄ materials, while at 600° it was the most active in the Al₂O₃ material. The effect of the lubricating component SnS₂ was to suppress the formation of transfer film, thus enhancing friction coefficients.

The enhancement of friction coefficients with addition of small amount of lubricating components such as SnS₂ is expected to open a new approach in developing high performance-brake pads.

Temperature was the controlling parameter in the present test. Under these test modes, transfer film could be fully developed to access the role of the transfer film.

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-10-2019-0427/

The purpose of this paper is to investigate surroundings for transfer film formation and removal, the effect of the transfer film formation on friction coefficients, the effect of four different abrasive components, ZrO₂, ZrSiO₄, Al₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄, on transfer film formation and the effect of lubricating component MoS₂ on transfer film formation and friction coefficients.

Two different MoS₂ contents of 5.5 and 8.5 per cent were added to friction materials with no MoS₂ content, which have four different abrasive components, ZrO₂, ZrSiO₄, Al₂O₃, Fe₃O₄. Friction tests composed of three different stages were conducted for those materials, and the friction surfaces of the counterpart disks were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to access the formation of transfer film at each stage.

For the transfer film formation, high temperature was a prerequisite, but the magnitude of deceleration rate was not important. The effect of the transfer film formation was to reduce the friction coefficients for most friction materials. Friction coefficients of materials which contain lubricating component MoS₂ were higher than those which contain no MoS₂ for most friction materials. The effect of the lubricating component MoS₂ was to suppress the formation of transfer film, thus resulting in increase in friction coefficients.

The transfer film was rather thin, with thickness of 1-2 µm for most friction materials. That hindered the examination of mechanical properties of the transfer film, such as hardness.

This research explained the surroundings for transfer film formation, and its effect on friction coefficients. The research suggests to suppress the formation of transfer film to make friction materials with high friction coefficient, and the lubricating component MoS₂ can be used for the purpose.

Development of high-friction-brake materials conventionally depends on the use of strong abrasive components, which may induce attacking of counterpart disks. The enhancement of friction coefficients with addition of MoS₂ content is expected to open a new prospect in development of high-performance friction materials, which can be applicable to brake pads for racing cars.

The study is in pursuit of the transfer film formation in successive friction stages, which revealed the conditions for transfer film generation and removal. Specimen preparation for SEM observation of cross section of friction surface was painstaking to not damage the developed friction surface. The study revealed the effect of different abrasive components on transfer film formation and the effect of lubrication contents of MoS₂ on transfer film formation and friction coefficients.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the combined effect of surface force, solvation and Van der Waals forces and surface topography parameters of amplitude and wavelength on the formation of ultrathin films for elastohydrodynamic lubrication of point contact problems.

The Newton–Raphson technique is used to simultaneously solve the Reynolds’ film thickness including surface roughness and elastic deformation, surface force of solvation and Van der Waals forces and load balance equations. Different values of surface amplitude and wavelength were simulated in addition to the load variation.

The simulation results revealed that roughness effects are important as the film thickness decreases. The oscillation in the pressure and film thickness is due to the combined action of the solvation force and surface topography parameters. The limiting values of the surface topography parameters of the amplitude and wavelength varied and depended on the load. For different values of wavelength and load, amplitude values up to 0.25 nm have no effect on ultrathin film formation.

The combined effect of the surface force and surface roughness on the formation of ultrathin films was evaluated for elastohydrodynamic lubrication of point contact problems under different operating conditions of load and surface topography parameters of amplitude and wavelength. The limited surface topography parameters of the amplitude and wavelength are shown and analyzed.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the underlying mechanism in film formation of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion.

This study focuses on the film forming characteristics of O/W emulsion between the surface of a steel ball and a glass disc coated with chromium. The lubricant film thicknesses of O/W emulsion with various mechanical stirring strength were discussed, which were observed by technique of relative optical interference intensity.

The authors directly observed the oil pool in the contact area, finding the size of oil pool was closely related to the film-forming ability of emulsion. Enrichment phenomenon occurs in oil pool, which was caused by phase inversion. Further investigations revealed that the emulsion is stable with strong stirring strength, resulting in a smaller oil pool size and worse film forming ability.

With the wide usage of O/W emulsion in both biological and industrial systems, the ability of emulsion film formation is considered as an important factor to evaluate the lubrication effectiveness.

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-12-2022-0354/

Anodizing is used widely in the surface treatment of aluminium alloys for aerospace applications. Considers recent advances in understanding of the influences of alloying elements in anodizing of aluminium alloys and, in particular, their applicability to second phase particles during anodizing of commercial alloys. Through more precise knowledge of the response of second phase materials to anodic polarization, improved anodizing and related surface treatment processes may be developed in order to enhance the performance of aluminium alloys.

The paper aims to investigate the drying effect exhibited by pigments combined with a Co(II) salt of 2‐ethylhexanoic acid (Co(II)) in an alkyd resin modified by soya bean oil.

Paint hardening was studied by means of a method that follows the progress of alkyd film drying. Another important method was employed to monitor the gradually increasing hardness of the drying films. Hardness of thin films was measured by the Persos method. ZnO, ZnO nanoparticles, V₂O₅, ZnS and TiO₂ were used to study the effect of solid inorganic pigments on alkyd film drying. The pigment particles were characterised by scanning electron microscopy. The investigated pigments were combined with a constant amount of the Co(II) drier that acts in the system as a homogeneous catalyst, while the investigated pigments played the role of heterogeneous catalysts.

Using certain pigments as catalysts in drying, alkyd resins brings about new findings concerning the function of fillers and pigments in paint films. ZnO nanoparticles substantially accelerate film drying and moreover, the resulting films exhibit substantially higher hardness than films containing other inorganic pigments. To prepare films exhibiting higher hardness within a shorter time, one may also use ZnO microparticles or ZnS. TiO₂ and V₂O₅ were identified as pigments that either do not take part in the drying process or reduce the hardness of the resulting film.

The investigated catalytic system pigment/Co(II) drier can be advantageously used to accelerate the formation of alkyd paints modified by natural oils both for industrial and decorative purposes. It was established that hardness of paint films containing ZnO nanoparticles is twice as high as that of films containing only the Co(II) drier without any pigment. This finding makes new applications of alkyd paints possible in all instances where higher hardness is required.

Considering pigments as heterogeneous catalysts in systems producing films by the oxypolymerising mechanism is a new approach that gives rise to new and original solutions.

This paper aims to investigate how ball milling (BM) and load influence transfer film on counterbody and the correlation between transfer film and tribological properties of copper-based composites.

The copper-based mixed powders preprocessed by BM for different times were used to manufacture sintered materials. Specimens were tested by a custom pin-on-flat linear reciprocating tribometer and characterized prior and after tests by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Image J® and Taylor-hobson-6 surface roughness meter were used to quantify the coverage and thickness of the transfer film.

Main results show that an appropriate amount of BM time and applied load can contribute to the formation of the transfer film on counterbody and effectively improve the tribological properties of the copper-based material. The transfer film coverage is linearly related to the friction coefficient, thickness of transfer film and wear volume. As the transfer film coverage increases, the coefficient of friction decreases. As the thickness of the transfer film increases, the amount of wear increases.

This work intends to control and optimize the formation of transfer film, thereby helping improve the tribological properties of materials and providing a reference to guide the preparation of Cu-based composites with excellent tribological properties.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristic and function of oxide film formed on grinding wheel in electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) precision grinding and improve the quality of ELID grinding.

Dynamic film forming experiments were carried out with a simulation device close to the actual processing conditions. Then, the ELID grinding experiments of bearing rings were performed using grinding wheels with good film forming effect. The experiment was designed by quadratic regression general rotation combination method. The influence of grinding depth, electrolytic voltage, duty cycle and grinding wheel linear speed on grinding effect is analyzed.

A mathematical model for the formation rate of oxide film was established. The experiments show that the composition of grinding wheel and grinding fluid, as well as the electrical parameters, influence the film forming effect. Thus, the oxide film plays an important role in ELID grinding.

This study provides a reference for the design and selection of grinding wheel and grinding fluid and the setting of process parameters in ELID grinding.

This paper reviews the role of alloying elements in aluminium and alloy fabrication on performance during surface treatment and surface finishing. Such elements may be present in solid solution as fine segregates, strengthening phase and equilibrium phases. For surface treatment and finishes, which generally proceed in the presence of alumina film, knowledge of the processes proceeding at the alloy/film and film/electrolyte interfaces, and those within anodic alumina films, gives rise to the possibility of controlling features of nanoscale dimensions, for improved performance, arises. Its influence on nanotextures at treated surfaces and compositionally and morphologically modified films is explained briefly.

The purpose of this is to study the mechanism of an oil film thickness formation in the nanoscale. A polar lubricant of propylene carbonate is used as the intervening liquid between contiguous bodies in concentrated contacts. A pressure caused by the hydrodynamic viscous action in addition to the double-layer electrostatic force, van der Waals inter-molecular forces and solvation pressure owing to inter-surface forces is considered when calculating the ultrathin lubricating films.

Using the Newton–Raphson iteration technique applied for the convergence of the hydrodynamic pressure, a numerical solution has been ascertained.

The results show that, at separations beyond about five molecular diameters of the intervening liquid, the formation of a lubricant film thickness is governed by the combined effects of viscous action and surface force of an attractive van der Waals force and a repulsive double-layer force. At smaller separations below five molecular diameters of the intervening liquid, the effect of the solvation force is dominant in determining the oil film thickness.

This paper fulfils an identified need to study the behavior of polar lubricants in concentrated contacts in ultrathin conjunctions. The effect of the hydrodynamic action, electrostatic force and surface action of van der Waals and solvation forces is considered when calculating the lubricant oil film thickness.