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1 – 10 of 11Poornima Sridharan and Pugazhendhi Sugumaran C.
An annual substation equipment failure report says 3/7 capacitive voltage transformer (CVT) got damaged because of ferroresonance overvoltage. The conventional mitigation circuit…
Abstract
Purpose
An annual substation equipment failure report says 3/7 capacitive voltage transformer (CVT) got damaged because of ferroresonance overvoltage. The conventional mitigation circuit fails to protect the transformer as the overvoltage may fall in the range between 2 and 4 per unit. It is necessary to develop a device to suppress the overvoltage as well as overcurrent of the CVT. This study aims to propose the suitability of memristor emulator as a mitigation circuit for ferroresonance.
Design/methodology/approach
The literature implies that a nonlinear circuit can protect the transformer against ferroresonance. An attempt is made with a memristor emulator using Operational Amplifier (OPAMP) for the mitigation of ferroresonance in a prototype transformer. The circuit is simulated using PSpice and validated for its ideal characteristics using hardware implementation. The nonlinear memductance is designed which is required to mitigate the ferroresonance. The mitigation performance has been compared with conventional method along with fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis.
Findings
While the linear resistor recovers the secondary voltage by 74.1%, the memristor emulator does it by 82.05% during ferroresonance. Also, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of ferroresonance signal found to be 22.06% got improved as 2.56% using memristor emulator.
Research limitations/implications
The suitability of memristor emulator as a mitigation circuit for ferroresonance is proposed in this paper. As ferroresonance occurs in instrument transformers which have extra high voltage (EHV) rated primary windings and (110 V/[110 V/1.732]) rated secondary windings, the mitigation device is proposed to be connected as a nonlinear load across the secondary windings of the transformer. This paper discusses the preliminary work of ferroresonance mitigation in a prototype transformer. The mitigation circuit may have memristor or meminductor for ferroresonance mitigation when they are commercially available in future.
Practical implications
The electronic component-based memristor emulator may not work at 110 V practically as they may be rated at low power. Hence, chemical component-based memristor emulator was developed to do the same. The authors like to clarify that the memristor will be a solution for ferroresonance in future not the memristor emulator circuit.
Social implications
With the real form of memristor, the transistor world will be replaced by it and may have a revolution in the field of electronics, VLSI, etc. This contribution attempts to project the use of memristor in a smaller scale in high-voltage engineering.
Originality/value
The electronic component-based memristor emulator is proposed as a mitigation circuit for ferroresonance. The hypothesis has been verified successfully in a prototype transformer. Testing circuit of memristor emulator involves transformer, practically. The mitigation performance has been compared with conventional method technically and justified with FFT analysis.
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A.G. MacPhee, S. McKee and R.R.S. Simpson
A series‐LCR circuit is one of the simplest circuits capable of exhibiting ferroresonance. A numerical simulation of such a circuit is constructed using the Preisach model of…
Abstract
A series‐LCR circuit is one of the simplest circuits capable of exhibiting ferroresonance. A numerical simulation of such a circuit is constructed using the Preisach model of hysteresis to accurately represent the non‐linear magnetic response of the inductor. Numerical data obtained from this simulation shows good agreement when compared to data from a laboratory‐built experimental circuit. A bifurcation diagram is constructed to illustrate the coexistence of multiple solutions and the existence of period doubling.
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Sergey E. Zirka, Yuriy I. Moroz and Cesare Mario Arturi
Despite its well-founded criticism and lack of proper justification under core saturation conditions, the T-equivalent transformer model (Steinmetz scheme) is obviously…
Abstract
Purpose
Despite its well-founded criticism and lack of proper justification under core saturation conditions, the T-equivalent transformer model (Steinmetz scheme) is obviously championing in the literature. This educational paper aims to explain in a simple manner the limitations of the T-model of a low-frequency transformer and critically analyses some attempts to improve it.
Design/methodology/approach
Using a simplified examination of magnetic fluxes in the core and windings and using the modeling in ATPDraw, it is shown that transient transformer models with the indivisible leakage inductance allow circumventing the drawbacks of the T-model.
Findings
The authors show the absence of valid grounds for subdividing the leakage inductance of a transformer between its primary and secondary windings. The connection between the use of individual leakage inductances and inaccurate prediction of inrush current peaks is outlined as an important example.
Practical implications
The presented models can be used either as independent tools or serve as a reference for subsequent developments.
Social implications
Over generations, the habitual transformer T-equivalent is widely used by engineers and Electromagnetic Transients Program experts with no attention to its inadequacy under core saturation conditions. Having studied typical winding configurations, the authors have shown that neither of them has any relation to the T-equivalent.
Originality/value
This educational paper will contribute to the correct understanding of the transients occurring in a transformer under abnormal conditions such as inrush current or ferroresonance events, as well as during an out-of-phase synchronization of step-up generator transformers.
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The work aims at investigating the law of miniaturization of a linear reluctance motor by expressing the ratio of force to mass as a function of bar position in per unit, for…
Abstract
The work aims at investigating the law of miniaturization of a linear reluctance motor by expressing the ratio of force to mass as a function of bar position in per unit, for different scale factors. Corresponding to the same factors, inductance is also computed. Finally the ratio of the bar length to external diameter is changed and the analysis is accordingly repeated.
This paper deals with the field and leakage reactance calculations in the model leakage transformer. The approximate solution for 3‐D problem, made by composing 2‐D solutions for…
Abstract
This paper deals with the field and leakage reactance calculations in the model leakage transformer. The approximate solution for 3‐D problem, made by composing 2‐D solutions for 3‐D solution, is applied. Hermitian hierarchical finite elements have been successfully applied to the field and reactance computation of the transformer. The computational results have been reported and compared with measurement giving the error not greater than 10%.
Stjepan Frljić, Bojan Trkulja and Ana Drandić
The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for calculating eddy current losses in the core of a single-phase power voltage transformer, which, unlike a standard power…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for calculating eddy current losses in the core of a single-phase power voltage transformer, which, unlike a standard power transformer, has an open-type core (I-type core). In those apparatus, reduction of core losses is achieved by using a multipart open-type core that is created by merging a larger number of leaner cores.
Design/methodology/approach
3D FEM approach for calculation of eddy current losses in open-type cores based on a weak AλA formulation is presented. Method in which redundant degrees of freedom are eliminated is shown. This enables faster convergence of the simulation. The results are benchmarked using simulations with standard AVA formulation.
Findings
Results using weak AλA formulation with elimination of redundant degrees of freedom are in agreement with both simulation using only weak AλA formulation and with simulation based on AVA formulation.
Research limitations/implications
The presented methodology is valid in linear cases, whereas the nonlinear case will be part of future work.
Practical implications
Presented procedure can be used for the optimization when designing the open-type core of apparatus like power voltage transformers.
Originality/value
The presented method is specifically adapted for calculating eddy currents in the open-type core. The method is based on a weak formulation for the magnetic vector potential A and the current vector potential λ, incorporating numerical homogenization and a straightforward elimination of redundant degrees of freedom, resulting in faster convergence of the simulation.
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Martin Petrun, Krzysztof Chwastek and Drago Dolinar
The aim of the paper is to provide a simple and reliable hysteresis model for prediction of magnetization curves of a resistance spot welding transformer (RSWT) core, operating in…
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of the paper is to provide a simple and reliable hysteresis model for prediction of magnetization curves of a resistance spot welding transformer (RSWT) core, operating in a wide range of flux densities and excitation frequencies.
Design/methodology/approach
The hysteresis model considered in the paper is the T(x) description advanced by J. Takács. Three options to extend the model to the dynamic magnetization conditions are considered. The excitation conditions differ from those prescribed by international standards.
Findings
The quasi‐static Takács model combined with a fractional viscosity equation similar to that proposed by S.E. Zirka outperforms other considered options. The effect of eddy currents may be considered as a disturbance factor to the frequency‐independent quasi‐static hysteresis loop.
Research limitations/implications
The combined approach yields in most cases a satisfactory agreement between theory and experiment. For highest frequency considered in the paper (1 kHz) excessive “heels” were observed in the modelled loops. This artifact may be reduced by the introduction of a more complicated relationship for the viscous term. Future work shall be devoted to this issue.
Practical implications
The combined Takács‐Zirka model is a useful tool for prediction of magnetization curves of a RSWT core in a wide range of flux densities and excitation frequencies.
Originality/value
The usefulness of the Takács description has been verified in a practical application. The model is able to predict magnetization curves under non‐standard excitation conditions.
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Detection of deformation of devices in high voltage electricity transmission line systems is an important issue in terms of economy and reuse. This study is aimed to detect…
Abstract
Purpose
Detection of deformation of devices in high voltage electricity transmission line systems is an important issue in terms of economy and reuse. This study is aimed to detect devices that are deformed or thought to have suffered due to environmental and electrical reasons.
Design/methodology/approach
In this experimental study, it was ensured that the sound and deformed insulators used in energy transmission lines were determined by the analysis of the sounds obtained by using the impact method. Equal intensity impact was applied to the isolator using the pendulum and the resulting sound noise signal analyses were made using power spectral density (PSD), magnitude scalogram (MS), multitape power spectrum density (MPSD) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) methods in the study. In the analysis results, the isolators that are not visible to the eye and have certain damage were successfully separated from the intact insulators. Especially, MPSD and CWT analysis results are quite satisfactory.
Findings
Damage analysis of insulators used in electricity transmission lines has been made. A total of 40 insulators were examined in two categories in their group, both damaged and not damaged. Data collection system was established. The data obtained from the data collection system were analysed and compared using four analysis methods. PSD, MS, MPSD and CWT analyses were made in the study. All the analyses carried out generally contain features that distinguish damaged and undamaged insulators from each other, the most successful results are MS and CWT results. CWT results are very successful in terms of time and amplitude, and it has been proposed as a method that can be used to separate damaged and undamaged insulators.
Originality/value
It can be suggested as a result of experimental tests that the results of CWT analysis can be used in the pulse noise method in isolators to be tested for reuse in electrical power transmission lines.
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François Henrotte, André Nicolet and Kay Hameyer
Proposes a new quasi‐static vector hysteresis model based on an energy approach, where dissipation is represented by a friction‐like force.
Abstract
Purpose
Proposes a new quasi‐static vector hysteresis model based on an energy approach, where dissipation is represented by a friction‐like force.
Design/methodology/approach
The start point is the local energy balance of the ferromagnetic material. Dissipation is represented by a friction‐like force, which derives from a non‐differentiable convex functional. Several elementary hysteresis cells can be combined, in order to increase the number of free parameters in the model, and therefore improve the accuracy.
Findings
A friction‐like force is a good way to represent magnetic dissipation at the macroscopic level. The proposed method is easy to implement and non‐differentiability amounts in this case to a simple “if” statement.
Research limitations/implications
The next steps are the extension to dynamic hysteresis and the in‐depth analysis of the identification process, which is only sketched in this paper.
Practical implications
This vector model, which is based on a reasonable phenomenological description of local magnetic dissipation, enables the numerical analysis of rotational hysteresis losses on a sound theoretical basis.
Originality/value
It proposes a simple, general purpose macroscopic model of hysteresis that is intrinsically a vector one, and not the vectorization of a scalar model.
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Klemen Deželak, Drago Dolinar and Gorazd Štumberger
The investigation was aimed at magnetically‐nonlinear dynamic model of a single‐phase transformer, where the effects of dynamic hysteresis losses are accounted for by a simplified…
Abstract
Purpose
The investigation was aimed at magnetically‐nonlinear dynamic model of a single‐phase transformer, where the effects of dynamic hysteresis losses are accounted for by a simplified model. Such a modelling could be applied when analyzing the transient operating conditions or the impact of nonlinear and unbalanced loads on the transformer operation and the big power systems modelling.
Design/methodology/approach
Secondly, an inverse form of the Jiles‐Atherton hysteresis model was applied for the hysteresis losses of a transformer defining. In that sense this paper compares and evaluates both hysteresis models, where the possible errors caused by simplified model application are exposed.
Findings
The Jiles‐Atherton model can be applied when more accurate hysteresis models are required, however, at the cost of increased model complexity and required computational effort. Apart from that the main drawback is impossible application of such a modelling, when some of the input parameters are unknown. On the other hand the simplified hysteresis model does not increase the required computational effort substantially.
Originality/value
Both methods have been modified in such a way that they can be used when the magnetizing curve of the iron‐core material is not available, whilst the magnetically‐nonlinear characteristic of the entire device can be determined experimentally. The aforementioned characteristic can be given in the form of an approximation polynomial or in the form of a look‐up table.
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