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City wall is an important symbol of ancient Chinese cities with unique geographical and cultural characteristics. Thus, the preservation of this historic landmark is considered significantly important. However, numerous residential construction activities and changes in ecological environment have destructed a great portion of the city walls in recent years. This study looks into the preservation of the ancient city walls from the systematic perspective and in line with the actual characteristics of Longdong Region to provide guideline measures for the protection and restoration of such landmark. Cognition and preservation are adopted extensively to investigate the specific situation of and the factors that influence the ancient city walls in this region. Preservation strategies for the city walls, including the “Axis-Point” system, planning control, and authenticity readability, are presented. The ancient city walls in Longdong Region can be preserved by protecting the entire region, the city, and the main wall body. The systematic method and preservation strategies at the “macro perspective,” “medium perspective” and “micro perspective” levels can solve the preservation problems of the ancient city walls in Longdong Region effectively.

Principals’ leadership has become a subversive activity that is carried out strategically to challenge and disrupt the status quo and resist policies and practices that are counterproductive to their work. The purpose of this paper is to reveal subversive tactics principals use in pursuit of justice and equity in schools and identify challenges and risks associated with their subversive leadership practices. Power tactics were used as a conceptual framework to guide the analysis of subversive activities by school principals.

This qualitative study focuses on 18 elementary and secondary school principals from six district school boards in the Metro Vancouver area who participated in the semi-structured interviews on their practices that epitomize different tactics in response to increasing demand and accountability.

The power tactics identified in this study illuminate many of the dilemmas principals face in their work and demonstrate the various ways principals exercise their political acumen to “act strategically to determine which tactics to use, when, and with whom.” In exercising ethics of subversion and critique, participants are more likely to use soft, rational, and bi/multilateral rather than hard, non-rational, and unilateral power tactics. Such tendency reveals their concern about causing relational harm and shows their strategic avoidance of direct confrontation.

Considering the limitations on the sample size and the research context, more research is needed to examine to what extent subversive practices are exercised and how they play out in different contexts.

The study shows that leadership involves upholding morals and values, even if this means having to use subversive practices to ensure inclusive, equitable, and just outcomes.

Aiming at the key issue of interpersonal interaction process between successors and top management teams in the context of family business trans-generational entrepreneurship, this paper aims to explore the motivation, action and results of interpersonal conflict between these two subjects mentioned above.

This paper uses grounded theoretical research methods based on the research objects of three family businesses with both inheritance and transformation needs.

Motivation difference, mediation mode and relationship utilization, that is, the successor and top management team take the goal-orientation, interest orientation and rational tendency as the starting point for relationship coordination. Then it mediates the interpersonal conflicts through compromise, collaboration and compliance, and ultimately provide successors with resources, opportunities, capabilities and motivation advantages to promote trans-generational entrepreneurship. Second, the path of relationship coordination comes from the background of social embedding, that is, the motivation difference comes from the embedding of motivation seeking, the mediation mode comes from the embedding of mediation elements and the relationship utilization comes from the embedding of relationship optimization. The research conclusions not only provide a theoretical framework for family businesses to solve the problems of interpersonal conflicts faced by family businesses but also have practical guiding significance for the trans-generational entrepreneurship.

There are two theoretical contributions in this study. First, the research starting point of social embeddedness theory from the perspective of interpersonal relationships at the microlevel is revised. Since Granovetter (Granovetter, 1985) put forward the theory of social embeddedness, its research scope has been gradually expanded, but the mainstream research in the past focused on analyzing the social network embeddedness of enterprises to obtain social capital from the macro- and meso-level (Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998). In fact, this may deviate from the essential interpretation of Granovetter’s theory of social embeddedness, while this study returns to the study of interpersonal relationships. Second, a theoretical model of relationship coordination for successors and top management team is put forward in general. On the basis of the motivation, action and result of interpersonal interaction between the successor and top management team, the interpersonal coordination action path and embedded logic during trans-generational entrepreneurship of family businesses are revealed, which enriched the research scope of social embedded theory in family business.

The Qingcheng County, where the ancient city wall is located, has rich regional cultural heritage. This ancient city wall is an important symbol for exhibiting the regional historical culture of Qingcheng. However, urban expansionary construction activities, environment chaos, and other issues have led to the destruction of the main part of the Qingcheng Ancient City Wall. Previous strategies for historical and cultural heritage Preservation planning emphasize rigidity and disregard resilience in protecting cultural heritage and the environment. On the basis of an analysis of the built environment of the Qingcheng Ancient City Wall, this study gains insights into the three aspects, namely, land use, road traffic, and municipal and disaster prevention in frastructure of the old city proper where the ancient city wall is located. A planning strategy that integrates an ordered control of land development, highly efficient and compound road traffic, synergetic municipal administration, and sound disaster-preventing infrastructure is formed according to cognitive results.

This study aims to analyse the major geographical dimensions of the location strategies of multinational tourism firms.

Conceptually, this paper is situated at the intersection of two distinct and evolving bodies of research literature on the global geographies of the tourism industry and the production of economic globalization from a set of strategic locations. Empirically, principal component analysis is applied to explore the main geographical configurations within a location matrix of 102 tourism firms across 547 cities.

The results identify strong geographical organizing patterns in the location strategies of multinational tourism firms, above all articulated in countries/regions that themselves have large domestic and/or international tourism markets. However, there is also a global component in terms of firm/location composition, while the national/regional components are hybrid and porous in practice.

This study contributes to a new way of looking at a globalizing tourism sector. The findings can be used to reflect on possible wider implications for the tourism geographies literature and reveal some avenues for further research.

跨国旅游公司的地理位置和选址：全球化战略

本研究旨在分析跨国旅游企业区位战略的主要地理维度。

在理论研究层面, 本文基于两个截然不同和不断发展的研究交叉点: (1)全球经济地理中的旅游产业研究; (2)战略区位选择上的经济全球化研究。在实证研究层面, 本文将主成分分析法应用于547个城市的102家旅游企业的区位矩阵研究中。

研究结果显示, 跨国旅游企业的区位选择具有很强的地理规律, 这点在本身拥有庞大国内和/或国际旅游市场的国家/地区内尤为明显。此外, 跨国旅游企业/地点的区位组成也具有明显的全球属性, 在单个国家/区域内的表现则很多元化, 有很大的不同。

这项研究有助于以新的视角来看待全球化的旅游产业。本文的研究成果可以用来反思旅游地理文献可能存在的更广泛的意义, 并探讨进一步的研究可能。

La geografía y la localización de selección de las empresas multinacionales de turismo: estrategias Para la globalización

Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las principales dimensiones geográficas de las estrategias de localización de las empresas multinacionales de turismo.

Conceptualmente, este documento se sitúa en la intersección de dos bibliografías de investigación distintas y en evolución: (1) sobre las geografías globales de la industria del turismo y (2) sobre la producción de la globalización económica desde un conjunto de ubicaciones estratégicas. Empíricamente, el análisis de componentes principales se aplica para explorar las principales configuraciones geográficas dentro de una matriz de ubicación de 102 empresas de turismo en 547 ciudades.

Los resultados identifican fuertes ordenamientos geográficos en estas estrategias de ubicación, sobre todo articuladas en países/regiones que a su vez tienen grandes mercados turísticos nacionales y/o internacionales. Sin embargo, también hay un componente global en términos de composición empresa/ubicación, mientras que los componentes nacionales/regionales son en la práctica híbridos y porosos.

Este estudio contribuye a una nueva forma de ver un sector turístico en globalización. Los resultados se pueden utilizar para reflexionar sobre posibles implicaciones más amplias para la literatura sobre geografías turísticas y discutir algunas vías para futuras investigaciones.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of media attention on corporate disaster relief.

The authors used a matched sample research design, which is considered more appropriate than a random sample design for studying events that have low-occurrence rates in general. For each donor firm in the Yushu earthquake, the authors matched the firm with a non-donor firm in the same industry and with a firm size of within ±30 percent of the total assets in the year prior to the year of the occurrence of the Yushu earthquake. Then, using the Baidu engine, which is the most popular Chinese search engine, the authors captured the online media attention to the donor firms and their disaster relief.

The authors found that media attention drove corporate disaster relief.

Although the authors highlighted the role of the media as an important stakeholder in influencing corporate disaster relief, the authors did not fully explore the media’s influence. Future research should delve more deeply into the impact of the tenor of media coverage on corporate disaster relief.

This study reveals that the media, a particularly powerful stakeholder, can be a corporate disaster relief driver in China.

The purpose of this paper is to study the stability analysis and optical solitary wave solutions of a (2 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation, which are derived from a multicomponent plasma with nonextensive distribution.

Based on the ansatz and sub-equation theories, the authors use a direct method to find stability analysis and optical solitary wave solutions of the (2 + 1)-dimensional equation.

By considering the ansatz method, the authors successfully construct the bright and dark soliton solutions of the equation. The sub-equation method is also extended to find its complexitons solutions. Moreover, the explicit power series solution is also derived with its convergence analysis. Finally, the influences of each parameter on these solutions are discussed via graphical analysis.

The dynamics of these solutions are analyzed to enrich the diversity of the dynamics of high-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation type nonlinear wave fields.

The purpose of this study is to present a newly proposed and developed sorting algorithm-based merging weighted fraction Monte Carlo (SAMWFMC) method for solving the population balance equation for the weighted fraction coagulation process in aerosol dynamics with high computational accuracy and efficiency.

In the new SAMWFMC method, the jump Markov process is constructed as the weighted fraction Monte Carlo (WFMC) method (Jiang and Chan, 2021) with a fraction function. Both adjustable and constant fraction functions are used to validate the computational accuracy and efficiency. A new merging scheme is also proposed to ensure a constant-number and constant-volume scheme.

The new SAMWFMC method is fully validated by comparing with existing analytical solutions for six benchmark test cases. The numerical results obtained from the SAMWFMC method with both adjustable and constant fraction functions show excellent agreement with the analytical solutions and low stochastic errors. Compared with the WFMC method (Jiang and Chan, 2021), the SAMWFMC method can significantly reduce the stochastic error in the total particle number concentration without increasing the stochastic errors in high-order moments of the particle size distribution at only slightly higher computational cost.

The WFMC method (Jiang and Chan, 2021) has a stringent restriction on the fraction functions, making few fraction functions applicable to the WFMC method except for several specifically selected adjustable fraction functions, while the stochastic error in the total particle number concentration is considerably large. The newly developed SAMWFMC method shows significant improvement and advantage in dealing with weighted fraction coagulation process in aerosol dynamics and provides an excellent potential to deal with various fraction functions with higher computational accuracy and efficiency.

When explicit integral analysis is performed on a numerical model with viscoelastic artificial boundary elements, an instability phenomenon is likely to occur in the boundary area, reducing the computational efficiency of the numerical calculation and limiting the use of viscoelastic artificial boundary elements in the explicit dynamic analysis of large-scale engineering sites. The main purpose of this study is to improve the stability condition of viscoelastic artificial boundary elements.

A stability analysis method based on local subsystems was adopted to analyze and improve the stability conditions of three-dimensional (3D) viscoelastic artificial boundary elements. Typical boundary subsystems that can represent the localized characteristics of the overall model were established, and their analytical stability conditions were derived with an analysis based on the spectral radius of the transfer matrix. Then, after analyzing the influence of each physical parameter on the analytical-stability conditions, a method for improving the stability condition of the explicit algorithm by increasing the mass density of the artificial boundary elements was proposed.

Numerical wave propagation simulations in uniform and layered half-space models show that, on the premise of ensuring the accuracy of the viscoelastic artificial boundary, the proposed method can effectively improve the numerical stability and the efficiency of the explicit dynamic calculations for the overall system.

The stability improvement method proposed in this study are significant for improving the applicability of viscoelastic artificial boundary elements in explicit dynamic calculations and the calculation efficiency of wave analysis at large-scale engineering sites.