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As competition in the industry intensifies, companies must use market-oriented approaches to gain competitive superiority; one of the approaches that can lead to the success of companies in the competitive market is to undertake social co-creation with the help of customers. Although the use of social media for the development of social interactions has expanded, very little attention has been paid to how the concept of social co-creation is formed on social media by users. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of personality traits and website quality on social co-creation, with the mediating role of trust in tourism websites.

This research, in terms of purpose, is practical, and in terms of information collection, it is a descriptive survey. The research statistical population is all users of active tourism sites in Iran. The sampling method is non-probability and available sampling. The questionnaire was designed based on the Likert scale and was distributed electronically among the statistical sample. After collecting and reviewing the questionnaires, 203 were used for analysis. The data analysis method in this study is hierarchical multiple regression.

The results indicated that personality traits and website quality are correlated with trust and social co-creation. The dimensions of website quality, including quality of information, quality of system and quality of service on tourism websites, have considerable and positive effects on trust. Also, all dimensions of the personality traits, except extraversion and neuroticism, have a considerable and positive effect on trust. Moreover, the correlation between trust and social co-creation is positive.

According to the review of the digital marketing literature, some researchers examined the influential factors in co-creation, but there is little research about how the interaction of these three concepts (personality traits, website quality and trust) enhances co-creation. This study contributes to the existing literature with empirical evidence of how personality traits and website quality influence co-creation by mediating the role of trust.

The purpose of this study is to organize and analyze the existing literature on co-creation in tourism to identify the state-of-the-art studies and the research gap in this field.

As the research questions seek to provide an overview of the studies in the available literature, the systematic mapping study (SMS) has been selected as the research method. A suitable mapping study method for analyzing and structuring a broad research field concerning methods, designs and research focuses on the existing publications. In total, 137 articles published during 2006–2019 in reliable academic databases such as Science Direct, Emerald, Scopus, Wiley, ProQuest, Sage, Web of Science and Taylor and Francis were selected and analyzed.

The results show a rising trend of published articles in tourism, with the maximum number published in 2019 and the minimum number in 2006. Also, analysis of input articles revealed that most of the studies focused on the antecedents and prerequisites for co-creation and paid less attention to the co-creation context. Other findings show that in the field of tourism, the hospitality sector, especially hotels have paid special attention to co-creation. The majority of papers were the empirical type with quantitative design. Furthermore, most studies used the survey method, while the case study and other methods were the next choices.

This study addresses a major research gap by summarizing the literature related to value co-creation with a specific focus on tourism using the SMS method that provides an overview of the studies in this field. Categorizing papers through SMS helps researchers to review the status of studies in a visual summary to identify gaps and directions for future research.

这项制图研究的目的是组织和分析有关旅游业共同创造的现有文献, 以识别最新研究和该领域的研究差距

由于研究问题旨在提供现有文献中的研究概述, 因此已选择系统制图研究（SMS）作为研究方法。用于分析和构建涉及方法, 设计和研究的广泛研究领域的合适的映射研究方法着眼于现有出版物。选择并分析了2006-2019年在可靠的学术数据库中发表的137篇文章, 这些数据库包括Science Direct, Emerald, Scopus, Wiley, ProQuest, Sage, Web of Science和Taylor&Francis

结果显示旅游业发表的文章呈上升趋势, 2019年发表的文章最多, 而2006年发表的最少。对投入文章的分析显示, 大多数研究集中于共同创造和付费的先决条件和先决条件较少关注共创环境。其他发现表明, 在旅游领域, 酒店业尤其是酒店业特别重视共同创造。大多数论文是经验性的, 带有定量设计。此外, 大多数研究使用调查方法, 而案例研究和其他方法是下一个选择。 原创性/价值–本研究通过总结与价值共创相关的文献来解决一个主要的研究空白, 其中特别关注旅游业, 使用SMS方法对该领域的研究进行了概述。通过SMS对论文进行分类有助于研究人员以直观的摘要查看研究状态, 从而找出差距和未来研究的方向。 

El propósito de este estudio de cartográfico es organizar y analizar los artículos existentes sobre la co-creación en la industria del turismo a fin de identificar los últimos estudios y la brecha de investigación en este campo.

El método de Estudio de Mapeo Sistemático (SMS) ha sido seleccionado como método de investigación debido a que el objeto de los temas cuestionados en este estudio es proporcionar una visión general en cuanto a las investigaciones hechas hasta hoy. El método de estudio de mapeo, centrándose en las publicaciones existentes, es un método adecuado para analizar y estructurar un amplio campo de investigación sobre maneras, diseños e investigaciones. Se seleccionaron y analizaron 137 artículos publicados durante los años 2006–2019 en bases de datos académicas confiables como Science Direct, Emerald, Scopus, Wiley, ProQuest, Sage, Web of Science y Taylor & Francis.

Los resultados muestran una tendencia al alza de los artículos publicados sobre el turismo, con el número máximo publicado en el año 2019 y el número mínimo en 2006. Además, el análisis de los artículos existentes en las bases, reveló que la mayoría de los estudios se han centrado en los antecedentes y requisitos previos para la co-creación y se ha enfocado menos en el concepto de co-creación. Otros hallazgos muestran que en el campo del turismo y la hostelería, se ha prestado especial atención a la co-creación. La mayoría de los trabajos eran de tipo empírico con diseño cuantitativo. Asimismo, la mayoría de los estudios han utilizado el método de encuesta, mientras que el estudio monográfico y otros métodos han sido las siguientes opciones.

Resumiendo los artículos relacionados con la creación conjunta de valores, con un enfoque específico en la industria del turismo, y utilizando el método SMS que proporciona una visión general de los estudios en este campo, este estudio aborda una brecha de investigación importante. La categorización de documentos usando el método SMS ayuda a los investigadores a revisar el estado de los estudios en un resumen visual para identificar vacíos y direcciones para futuras investigaciones.

In recent years, research on children's tourism experiences has gained prominence, as children are becoming an increasingly vital market for the tourism industry. While events are a main sector of the industry and host millions of children every year, there is a lack of research specifically focussed on children's experiences in events. This chapter focusses on children's entertainment events which can provide children with a satisfying, memorable and educational experience. This study has developed a framework to facilitate deeper mixed studies on children's experiences in event tourism. The framework is composed of four pillars based on various social, tourism and event theories and models, including the Cognition–Affect–Behaviour (CAB) theoretical framework, the Orchestra Model of Experience, the Event Experience Scales (EES), the Theory of Child Well-being and the Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change (TTM). The framework can be used by future researchers as an analytical evaluation tool to study children's experiences in different types of events and understand the mechanisms of behaviour change in this context.

Domestic refrigerators could be considered as one of the major potential sources of food-borne diseases, in addition limited data are available regarding the level of contamination of domestic refrigerators in Iran. The purpose of this paper is to detect some of bacterial contamination in domestic refrigerators.

In total, 104 households were randomly selected from ten health centers in five areas of Tehran, Iran. Visual inspection and temperature evaluation of the households’ refrigerators were done. In addition, the refrigerators were swabbed and analyzed for contaminants using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. DNA was isolated and purified by the proposed standard protocol.

Screening of the domestic refrigerators by PCR method showed that 51.7 percent of the samples were positive for pathogens as follows: L. monocytogenes 41.6 percent, S. aureus 5.5 percent, Salmonella spp 4.6 percent, and E. coli O157:H7 0 percent; consequently, none of mentioned pathogens were detected in 48.3 percent of the refrigerators. Results of the visual inspection indicated that 57 percent of the refrigerators were on desirable, 36.5 percent were acceptable, and 7 percent were weak conditions. Most of the refrigerators about 44 percent had desirable temperatures. There were no significant correlations between the visual inspection scores, temperature and frequency of isolation of specific pathogens in the domestic refrigerators. A significant correlation was observed between contamination and education of parents (p < 0.05).

Determination of the bacterial contamination and evaluating the temperature of domestic refrigerators in Iran can be considered as a novel approach of current study. These findings could be employed in designing and implementing appropriate educational interventions to promote food safety and diminish the risk of food-borne illnesses. Also, obtained results might be applied as introduction for further investigations.

Considering the diversity of literary sites, various needs and motivations of literary visitors, and the limited research on literary tourists’ experiences, this study aims to explore the literary gaze at Hafez Tomb in Shiraz, Iran. As the visitor gaze encompasses various dimensions of experience, this study connected the two notions to identify the components of the literary gaze and determine the attributes that best describe it.

Data sources include semi-structured interviews with visitors and user-generated content on Tripadvisor. The deductive thematic analysis and multiple correspondence analysis were used.

The findings revealed the multidimensionality of the literary gaze. The dominant factors that best describe the literary gaze at Hafez’s tomb were the sensory component of the experience, including “seeing”, “smelling”, “hearing”; affective including “anticipation”, “joy”, “trust”; cognitive including “perceiving”, “thinking”, “learning”; behavioural including “literary related”, “general”; and relationship including “tourist-companion”, “tourist-tourist”.

Understanding the literary gaze can assist site managers and destination marketers in designing the literary experience and developing promotional strategies that reflect the multifaceted nature of the literary experience. Tourism authorities should identify and shape tourists’ perceptions of literary sites to build the city’s image and brand as a literary city.

This paper used the orchestra model of experience to analyse the literary tourist’s gaze. This modification could explain that the literary gaze has multiple dimensions and studying all the dimensions gives the literary experience greater significance.

This study aims to evaluate the amount of entropy generation around the NACA 0012 airfoil. This study takes place in four angles of attack of 0°, 5°, 10° and 16° and turbulent regime. Also, the variation in the amount of generated entropy by the changes in temperature and Mach number is investigated.

The governing equations are solved using computational fluid dynamics techniques. The continuity, momentum and energy equations and the equations of the SST k-ω turbulence model are solved. The entropy generation at different angles of attack is calculated and compared. The effect of various parameters in the generation of entropy is presented.

Results show that the major part of the entropy generation is at the tip of the airfoil. Also, increasing the angle of attack will increase the entropy generation. Also, results show that with increasing the temperature of air colliding with the airfoil, the production of entropy decreases.

Entropy generation is investigated in the NACA 0012 airfoil at various angles of attack and turbulent flow using the SST turbulence model. Also, the effects of temperature and Mach number on the entropy generation are investigated.

E-learning is one area of strategic application of information technology (IT) in the educational field. In the past, massive investments in e-learning systems have neither been necessarily effective nor created value for e-learners. As a result, e-learning systems’ evaluation has become critical. Although many researchers have studied e-learning’s performance evaluation, there is little research on e-learning assessment, which uses pedagogical principles and organizational issues along with information systems (ISs) assessment measures. Thus, the purpose of this study is to consolidate multi-dimensional aspects of e-learning evaluation by applying balanced scorecard (BSC) as a strategic performance measurement method. This study further seeks a solution for designing a systematic approach, in which three equally important considerations must be balanced: organization, pedagogy and technology.

This paper introduces a framework for assessing e-learning systems by using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and BSC. Owing to the growing use of BSC in strategic management, this study applies its four perspectives as a base for performance evaluation. To identify measures of each perspective, a comprehensive literature review has been conducted. Modifying the list of measures is completed in two phases: first by using a focus group consisting of six e-learning experts, and second, by using a survey analysis conducted among 256 Iranian e-learners. FAHP is applied to weigh and determine the rank-order of the measures.

The results propose integrating pedagogical, organizational and technical measures based on the BSC framework for evaluating e-learning systems. In the proposed framework, effective BSC perspectives and their rank-orders and weights are presented as a guideline for assessing e-learning systems in Iran.

In e-learning initiatives, organizational issues must be considered along with technological and pedagogical factors simultaneously. The proposed framework can assist educational institutions and organizations to identify weaknesses and strengths of e-learning projects and guide them to select appropriate strategies for progress.

A review of the e-learning literature shows that there are few substantive theoretical accounts, which adequately integrate multiple dimensions of e-learning evaluation; yet, most researchers view e-learning evaluation as the most difficult part in the e-learning implementation process. This study proposes a new conceptual framework to evaluate e-learning initiatives systematically. The main contribution of this study is to develop a new systematic approach for e-learning systems’ evaluation that integrates two well-established managerial methodologies (BSC and FAHP), and considers pedagogical, organizational and technological aspects synchronously.

The purpose of this study is to investigate important factors that help explain customer willingness to adopt mobile banking (M-banking). To this end, the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology 2 (UTAUT2) was applied and to more accurately predict customer behavioral intentions, it was attempted to extend it.

The research data were collected from 396 customers of Iranian private banks who had the experience of using M-banking. The structural equation modeling technique was used to test the research hypotheses.

Findings suggest that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, habit, hedonic motivation, perceived value and trialability are endorsed as proponents of M-banking adoption intention. On the other hand, M-banking adoption intention has also had a significant positive effect on actual use behavior and word-of-mouth (WOM). WOM has also influenced actual use behavior and mediated the relationship between M-banking adoption intention and actual use behavior.

The present study focuses on private banks, therefore, although it is sufficient, it is limited to private cases. This study contributes to the literature on M-banking services and actual use behavior. By appropriately focusing on M-banking adoption intention and the service quality provided, banks can strengthen their relationships with customers, thereby stimulating actual customer behavior such as actual use behavior and WOM.

From theoretical and managerial aspects, this study has particular value for the literature on M-services’ intention in general and banking in particular. The present study provides a conceptual framework for M-banking adoption intention, which could be used in M-banking services. In addition, this study sought to extend UTAUT2 and to examine the mediating role of WOM in actual use behavior motivation as well.

There are many challenges in the development of a digital library (DL) and their complexity can be approached effectively with a maturity model. In a maturity model, the features of a phenomenon are divided into different levels and at each level, they are first improved before going on to the improvement or realization of the next level. The purpose of this study is to design a digital library maturity model (DLMM) in Iran.

The DLMM was designed using a qualitative approach, meta-synthesis and the Delphi technique. First, the maturity features of a DL were identified by assessing 68 sources of study concerning DLs and maturity models using meta-synthesis. The maturity features were then validated by experts using the three-round Delphi technique. Finally, the experts were asked to categorize these features into the five levels of the capability maturity model (CMM) as the base model.

By analyzing these sources, three categories, seven concepts and 35 codes for the maturity features of a DL were identified. The majority of previous studies focused on the use of hardware/software systems as the backup and empowerment of DLs and the concept of DL content. The maturity features were then validated by experts using the three-round Delphi technique. Like the base model, DLMM has five levels, and most features were categorized into the third and fourth levels by the experts. Features such as human resources, needs assessment of DL and readiness to create a DL were included in the second level.

This work adds the concept of the maturity model to the literature of DLs.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how to improve the corrosion inhibition behavior of molybdate‐based inhibitors for mild steel, using organic compounds containing a phenyl ring together with nitrite agent. As picrate contains a phenyl ring together with three substituent nitrite anions, it is used as an organic compound. In this study a new molybdate‐based inhibitor was introduced with the composition of 60 ppm molybdate/40 ppm nitrite/20 ppm picrate. Inhibition efficiency of molybdate alone and with nitrite and picrate on the uniform corrosion of mild steel in stimulated cooling water was assessed.

The inhibition efficiency of molybdate alone and with nitrite and picrate on the uniform corrosion of mild carbon steel in stimulated cooling water (SCW) was assessed by electrochemical techniques such as potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance (AC impedance) measurements and weight loss determinations at the room temperature. Studies of electron microscopy included scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photography and X‐Ray energy dispersive (EDS) microanalysis were used.

The results obtained from the polarization and AC impedance curves were in agreement with those from the corrosion weight loss results. The results indicated that the new inhibitor was as effective as molybdate alone, though at one quarter of the concentration range of molybdate, which is economically favorable.

The paper demonstrates improvement in corrosion inhibition of mild steel in SCW via a blend of molybdate, nitrite and picrate as a new anodic inhibitor.