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Falling was distinguished as leading cause of fatal and non-fatal injuries among elderly; there is a lack of information regarding the falling risk factors in developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the falling risk and correlated factors in community-dwelling elderly.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 280 elderly using a multi-sectional questionnaire in Karaj, Iran. The simple stratified random sampling was used. Adult who were over the age of 60, living independently, able to ambulate independently and safely, no cognition problem and speaking in Persian entered in the study. Exclusion criteria were residing in assisted living facility or unwilling to participate. Several statistical tests including logistic regression analysis were used to analyse the data.

The mean age of participants was 69.55±8.82 and 51 per cent of them were female. The results showed that there are significant differences between low-, medium- and high-risk groups regarding age, marital status, diabetes, blood pressure and osteoarthritis (p<0.05). Due to finding, the main predictors to higher chance of falling were age (OR=1.61; 95% CI 1.025–1.097), marital status (OR=1.485; 95% CI 1.170–1.279), vision acuity (OR=1.603; 95% CI 1.297–2.223), activities of daily living (OR=2.10; 95% CI 1.047–3.859), heart disease (OR=1.448; 95% CI 1.268–1.728), osteoarthritis (OR=1.238; 95% CI 1.711–2.127), falling history (OR=1.026; 95% CI 1.015–1.089) and medication (OR=5.975; 95% CI 1.525–23.412).

Better understanding of falling risk factors can lead to the implementation of effective preventive intervention, thus reducing public health expenditure, and improving the quality of life.

This study was conducted for the first time to assess the risk of falling in older people in Iran.

This article discusses factor models for portfolio credit. In these models, correlations between individual defaults are driven by a few systematic factors. By conditioning on these factors, defaults observed within are independent. This allows a greater degree of analytical tractability in the model with a realistic dependency structure.

The purpose of this paper is to compare the ability of the Morse Fall Scale (MFS) and Farmer's fall-risk assessment tool (FFAT) to identify correlations between risk factors and falls among older adult long-term care (LTC) facility residents.

This was a correlational retrospective study. 200 medical records of older adults hospitalized in a LTC facility in central Israel, from January 2017 to January 2018, were examined.

Of all the residents, 75% and 99.5% of the residents were identified as having a high fall risk according to the MFS and FFAT, respectively. Only 12.5% of residents actually fell. MFS score was weakly correlated with actual falls (odds ratio = 1.035). It was also found that all fallers fell during their first week at the facility.

Future research should explore the ability of the tools to capture changes in the fall risk by repeat assessments, as this has not been examined in the present study.

The MFS and FFAT tool may have little value in assessing fall risk in older adult LTC facility residents. Therefore, nurses should perform a clinical evaluation of each individual patient. In addition, nurses should place a particular emphasis on fall risk and prevention during the first week following admission.

The findings of the present study raise doubts regarding the utility of the common practice of assessing fall risk in older adult LTC facility residents using the tools MFS and the FFAT, thus emphasizing the need to adopt a different approach.

We consider whether there has been a gradual decoupling of the Australian business cycle from its trading partners in Europe and North America and a closer convergence toward its trading partners in Asia. We set up a dynamic latent factor model to estimate common dynamic components or factors for the real GDP growth rate of 19 countries. From variance decomposition over the 1991–2009 sample, we find that a global factor contributed the most in explaining Australian output growth variations, followed by a European factor, an Asian factor, and finally a North American factor. However, the correlation between Australian output growth movements and the Asian business cycle factor evolved from negative and small to positive and large after 2002. The European and North American factors were negatively correlated with Australian output growth for most of the sample period before turning positive in the global financial crisis of 2007–2008. This evidence supports the hypothesis that the Australian economy has decoupled to some extent from Europe, was not much coupled with North America except insofar as the United States drove the global factor, and has increasingly become positively coupled with Asia.

Concepts equip the mind with thought, provide our theories with ideas, and assign variables for testing our hypotheses. Much of contemporary research deals with narrowly circumscribed concepts, termed simple concepts herein, which are the grist for much empirical inquiry in the field. In contrast to simple concepts, which exhibit a kind of unity, complex concepts are structures of simple concepts, and in certain instances unveil meaning going beyond simple concepts or their aggregation. When expressed in hylomorphic structures, complex concepts achieve unique ontological status and serve particular explanatory capabilities. We develop the philosophical foundation for hylomorphic structures and show how they are rooted in dispositions, dispositional causality, and various mind–body trade-offs. Examples are provided for this emerging perspective on “Big concepts” or “Big Ideas.”

Through a survey of 200 employees working in five of the thirty establishments analysed in previous research about the microeconomic effects of reducing the working time (Cahier 25), the consequences on employees of such a reduction can be assessed; and relevant attitudes and aspirations better known.

Aim of the present monograph is the economic analysis of the role of MNEs regarding globalisation and digital economy and in parallel there is a reference and examination of some legal aspects concerning MNEs, cyberspace and e‐commerce as the means of expression of the digital economy. The whole effort of the author is focused on the examination of various aspects of MNEs and their impact upon globalisation and vice versa and how and if we are moving towards a global digital economy.

Addresses the standardization of the measurements and the labels for concepts commonly used in the study of work organizations. As a reference handbook and research tool, seeks to improve measurement in the study of work organizations and to facilitate the teaching of introductory courses in this subject. Focuses solely on work organizations, that is, social systems in which members work for money. Defines measurement and distinguishes four levels: nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. Selects specific measures on the basis of quality, diversity, simplicity and availability and evaluates each measure for its validity and reliability. Employs a set of 38 concepts ‐ ranging from “absenteeism” to “turnover” as the handbook’s frame of reference. Concludes by reviewing organizational measurement over the past 30 years and recommending future measurement reseach.