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Defines dumping as the sale of goods onto the market of an importing country at less than their normal value on the domestic market, and explains the economic rationale behind dumping. Reviews the origin of anti‐dumping laws, and the objectives of applying anti‐dumping duty legislation to non‐market economy countries, with reference to European Union (EU) anti‐dumping measures against China; the latter is still viewed as a non‐market economy. Indicates the impact of the EU anti‐dumping campaign on Chinese industries and legal strategies for challenging the EU anti‐dumping campaign. Concludes that the campaign is unfair and should now recognise the progress of economic reform in China, which since 2001 is a member of the World Trade Organization.

Discusses Nigeria’s efforts, especially through its Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), to meet the requirements of the global Financial Action Task Force on money laundering and other financial crimes; the paper updates an earlier one by A. C. Chukwuemerie. Reviews the related literature and outlines the magnitude of fraudulent activities in Nigeria. Describes the functional mechanisms for fighting fraud prior to the establishment of the EFCC, the functions and powers of the EFCC (Establishment) Act 2002, its offences and penalties, asset and property forfeiture, and declaration of assets and properties. Cites anecdotal evidence of the Commission’s and other agencies’ crackdown on fraud, and makes recommendations for strengthening the code of honour through a fraud prevention programme.

Outlines the new UK Proceeds of Crime Bill, which received the Royal Assent in July 2002. Evaluates how it enhances and even demands international cooperation, most of which text is in Part 11. Details Part 11’s provisions, notably section 429 on handling external requests and orders, section 430 on cases where external inquiries are related to investigations made abroad, and section 432 on Interpretation; plus Part 1 sections 4, 74 and 84. Looks at problematic areas in the Bill, one of which is that there are different parts and sections for different territories; also, it provides for a new body, the Criminal Assets Recovery Agency (CARA) which will not operate in Scotland, so that drug dealers might escape with their proceeds. Moves on to the international legal framework for cooperation, featuring the 1990 UN Model Treaty on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters.

Investigates the differences in protocols between arbitral tribunals and courts, with particular emphasis on US, Greek and English law. Gives examples of each country and its way of using the law in specific circumstances, and shows the variations therein. Sums up that arbitration is much the better way to gok as it avoids delays and expenses, plus the vexation/frustration of normal litigation. Concludes that the US and Greek constitutions and common law tradition in England appear to allow involved parties to choose their own judge, who can thus be an arbitrator. Discusses e‐commerce and speculates on this for the future.

Reviews the regulation of solicitors; in the UK this is self‐regulation by the Law Society. Discusses the widespread provision of financial services to clients by their solicitors, and legal cases in the UK and Australia that exemplify the mortal dangers involved in mortgage fraud and involve the Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal; these involved misappropriation and secret profits, excessive loans, failure to keep clients informed, and close association between solicitor and borrower. Mentions the Hodgson Report in Australia, which in 2002 commented on such problems. Moves on to the S&L insolvency scandal in the USA after deregulation in 1982, and finds parallels with the UK solicitor mortgage investment schemes, even though the US schemes were run by financial institutions with their own regulators. Concludes that mortgage investment schemes must be closely regulated so that investors know the true cost of loans and any profits taken by the lawyer.

German silver was tinned at three temperatures with solder containing 17 different impurities at up to five different concentration levels. The tinning process was carried out in a wetting balance. After this, the samples were subjected to corrosion and tested in a wetting balance again. It was established that bismuth at high concentration levels has a corrosion resistant effect which gives superior solderability. Silver, aluminium, bismuth, cadmium and copper, in amounts accepted by specifications, make the tinned surface unsolderable after corrosion. Statistical evaluation of a large number of tests — 1755 tests with 21,060 evaluated points — gave valuable information on how a wetting balance curve should be evaluated and which criteria should be established for good soldering.

Intellectual, as opposed to physical and financial, capital is increasingly regarded as a source of competitive advantage for individuals, enterprises and nations. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are often regarded as important innovators in the economy. It is possible to protect some intellectual capital as property through formal legal rights such as patents or copyright or through contractual agreements. Where small businesses possess such intellectual property, they can secure legal proection. Business owners may also attempt to protect such property using informal methods such as keeping information confidential as “trade secrets”. To explore whether SMEs possess intellectual property and, if so, whether they attempt to protect it, results are presented from a study of SMEs in four sectors where such issues are likely to arise – computer services, design, electronics and mechanical engineering. Overall, small business owners placed most emphasis on informal methods to protect intellectual property. These methods were more familiar, cheaper, less time‐consuming and frequently considered as effective as more formal rights. Under most circumstances, SME owners considered formal registrable rights such as patents less important. Even where business owners adopted formal rights, they were generally reluctant to bring a legal action to obtain redress where they believed that infringements had taken place.