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Article
Publication date: 18 October 2021

Umesh Luthra, Prabhakar Babu, Remya R.R., Angeline Julius, Yogesh Patel, Ramesh Jajula Veera and Ilma Majeed

β-Carotene is the most appropriate and significant precursor of vitamin A. Synthetic carotene supplements have been known to pose a threat to human health, making natural sources…

Abstract

Purpose

β-Carotene is the most appropriate and significant precursor of vitamin A. Synthetic carotene supplements have been known to pose a threat to human health, making natural sources such as the indefensible choice for the production and extraction of carotene.

Design/methodology/approach

This study considers Blakeslea trispora, a filamentous fungus, as a source of production of carotenoids by fermentation and wet and dry mycelium were used to analyse and obtain better extraction results.

Findings

In this study, natural oils such as soy oil and cottonseed oil were incorporated into fermentation media to increase the production of carotene. For the optimization process, Plackett–Burman and one-factor-at-a-time (OVAT) models were identified as being of great value.

Originality/value

OVAT was carried out for corn starch because it plays a major role in the production of carotene and the corn starch at 30 g/L concentration has shown the maximum activity of 3.48 mg/gm. After optimizing process variables, submerged fermentation was eventually carried out under highly controlled media conditions. The resulting product was quantified using UV spectroscopy and extraction of carotene has been observed in the presence of various solvents. Among a range of solvents used, the methylene Di chloride produced-carotene at 86% recovery at a significantly lower temperature of 35°C.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 51 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 30 October 2018

Tanya L. Swer, Komal Chauhan, Prodyut K. Paul, C. Mukhim, Khalid Bashir and Rachna Sehrawat

An upsurge in health and environmental concerns over the use of synthetic color has made the development of color from cheap and easily available natural sources, namely, plants…

Abstract

Purpose

An upsurge in health and environmental concerns over the use of synthetic color has made the development of color from cheap and easily available natural sources, namely, plants, animals, micro-organisms and algae as indispensable. This study aims to extract anthocyanins, an important natural plant pigments, from Sohiong (Prunus nepalensis). This study demonstrated that Sohiong have high anthocyanins content and antioxidant property, indicating an immense potential for the fruit producers and food processors.

Design/methodology/approach

Response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions for extraction of anthocyanins from Sohiong using conventional solvent extraction.

Findings

The optimum conditions for extraction were found to be 36.75°C temperature, 60.32 per cent ethanol concentration and 2.39 per cent citric acid concentration with recovery of 45 per cent total extract yield, 858.84 mg C3G/100g DM anthocyanin content and 824.91 mg GAE/100g DM phenolic content with in-vitro antioxidant activity of 31.40 mmol AEAC/100g DM for FRAP and 84.66 per cent DPPH scavenging capacity (20mg/ml). The F-values and high values of adjusted determination coefficient for each response imply high level of significance of the fitted models.

Practical implications

Extracted color can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Social implications

Pigment extracted is from a natural source and possesses high antioxidative activity and potential health benefits. With increasing demand for natural colors and other additives, there is a wide range of applications of the pigment as natural colorant in the food and pharmaceutical sector.

Originality/value

Selected plant source, i.e. Sohiong, was not used earlier by any researcher to extract anthocyanins for potential applications as food colorant.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 47 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 11 September 2017

Phisut Naknaen

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of concentrations of mixed enzymes (Rapidase EX Color and Accellerase) and incubation times on the release of biologically…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of concentrations of mixed enzymes (Rapidase EX Color and Accellerase) and incubation times on the release of biologically active compounds and the extraction efficiency of cantaloupe juice.

Design/methodology/approach

Different concentrations of the mixed enzymes (0.25-1.0 per cent) and incubation times (1-5 h) were used. The yield, clarity, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities were investigated.

Findings

The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, β-carotene, ascorbic acid content and antioxidant capacities as evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power were approximately 6, 3.25, 3, 2.5, 3.5 and 3.0 times higher than the control samples after incubating with 0.5 per cent enzyme for 2 h (p < 0.05). This condition was recommended to promote the release of biologically active compounds and still provided a 32 per cent increase in the amount of the extracted juice.

Practical implications

Cantaloupe juice produced by enzymatic treatment could be claimed to be a source of health enhancing compounds. This work could be used as a guideline for the industry to develop high value-added functional drinks from cantaloupe.

Originality/value

This study evaluates for the first study on the application of Rapidase EX Color and Accellerase for improving the phytochemical compounds in cantaloupe juice. This technique could successfully extract the cantaloupe juice with biologically active nutrients containing beneficial health effects.

Details

Nutrition & Food Science, vol. 47 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0034-6659

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 24 October 2022

Lami Amanuel Erana

The purpose of this research is to develop an environmentally friendly antimicrobial dyeing of cotton fabric from the root of Euclea racemosa. Textile phytochemical finishing is…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to develop an environmentally friendly antimicrobial dyeing of cotton fabric from the root of Euclea racemosa. Textile phytochemical finishing is in high demand worldwide because of its low toxicity, low pollution, ease of availability, renewability, pharmacological effects and non-carcinogenic properties, as well as its multifunctionality, rapid process stages and potential health benefit.

Design/methodology/approach

The cotton fabric was dyed with aqueous extracts of Euclea racemosa root dyes. Dyes were extracted for 20 min at pH 7.43 at room and boiling temperatures with material-to-liquor ratios (MLRs) of 1:5, 1:10, 1:15 and 1:20, altering one variable at a time, and the cotton fabric was colored using a post-mordanting procedure at 50°C with an MLR of 1:20. Using a properly cleaned Petri plate, the colored samples were tested in vitro for antibacterial activity. A spectrophotometer was used to assess color strength and shade depth, as well as wash fastness and annual rubbing fastness tests for both wet and dry.

Findings

L* = 36.29, a* = 58.56, b* = 32.46 and K/S = 0.51 were the CIELAB values for dye extracted at boiling temperature. L* = 47.14, a* = 42.23, b* = 49.61 and K/S = 0.38 were the CIELAB values for dye extracted at room temperature. The wash and rubbing fastness of the dyed samples were outstanding and the dyed cotton fabrics were found antibacterial against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli.

Originality/value

Dyes derived from the E. racemosa root could be used to develop a new antibacterial cotton fabric dye.

Details

Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1560-6074

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 13 July 2015

Adewale Williams Adebayo, Babatunde S Ogunsina and Olasunkanmi Saka Gbadamosi

– This study aims to investigate some physicochemical characteristics of Hildegardia barteri seed oils obtained by cold-pressing and solvent extraction procedures.

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to investigate some physicochemical characteristics of Hildegardia barteri seed oils obtained by cold-pressing and solvent extraction procedures.

Design/methodology/approach

Crude oil samples were obtained from the kernels by cold pressing and solvent extraction. The physicochemical properties of the oil samples were investigated according to the standard procedures in published works of literature.

Findings

The oil yield was 55.7 and 97 per cent for cold-pressed kariya seed oil (CPKSO) and solvent-extracted kariya seed oil (SEKSO), respectively. Specific gravities, refractive indices, viscosities, iodine value, saponification value, peroxide value and acid value were 0.8742 and 0.9036; 1.4629 and 1.4584; 75.93 and 74.90 mPa.s; 55.78 and 53.56 g of I2/100g of oil; 249.76 and 253.90 mg KOH/g; 4.86 and 5.02 meq KOH/g; 2.12 and 2.09 mg KOH/g of oil for CPKSO and SEKSO, respectively. The physicochemical characteristics of kariya seed oil were not significantly affected by extraction method. The fatty acid profiles of CPKSO and SEKSO showed that the two oil samples contain 24.2 and 23.7, 31.3 and 29.3, 23.2 and 23.7 and 19.6 and 21.3 per cent of myristic, palmitic, stearic and linolenic acids, respectively. Lauric and oleic acids were present in very little proportions of 0.3 and 0.41; and 0.01 and 0.03 per cent, respectively, whereas linoleic acid was 1.4 per cent for the two oil samples. Significant differences in fatty acid profiles were observed for lauric, palmitic and linolenic acids (p = 0.05). Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were about 79.0 and 77.11 per cent and 21.01 and 22.73 per cent for CPKSO and SEKSO, respectively.

Practical implications

This work promotes H. barteri tree beyond its use as a mere ornamental plant. The non-conventional seed oil it produces may find relevance in the food or biofuels industry subject to further investigation.

Originality/value

This study is the first to document the extraction and physicochemical properties of kariya seed oils.

Details

Nutrition & Food Science, vol. 45 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0034-6659

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 8 August 2020

Nurul Fatin Syazleen Mohamad Shariff, Thangam Singgampalam, Chean Hui Ng and Chin Siang Kue

Moringa oleifera (MO) is a herbal remedy that is rich in essential amino acids and phytochemicals in the leaves, seeds and pods. It is becoming a famous food in various ethnic…

Abstract

Purpose

Moringa oleifera (MO) is a herbal remedy that is rich in essential amino acids and phytochemicals in the leaves, seeds and pods. It is becoming a famous food in various ethnic groups, and the consumption is increasing worldwide. However, there is no safety profile of the hydroalcoholic MO leaf extracts, or documented teratogenicity aspect. This study was sought to compare the antioxidant activity and the teratogenicity of hydroalcoholic MO leaf extracts in the zebrafish embryo.

Design/methodology/approach

MO leaves were extracted with aqueous alcohols (ethanol or methanol: water, 80:20 v/v) using the Soxhlet method. The antioxidant capacity was determined using DPPH assay. The concentrations of extracts ranging from 3 to 1,000 µg/mL were used to examine the toxicity and teratogenicity on the zebrafish embryo.

Findings

Both hydroalcoholic MO leaf extracts were positive for alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, coumarins, quinones and glycosides, except saponins only absent in aqueous methanol extract. The antioxidant capacity based on lC50, was 15.92 ± 3.62 mg/mL for aqueous methanolic and 25.28 ± 2.89 mg/mL for aqueous ethanolic extract. For acute toxicity, the aqueous methanolic extract has lower LC50 (163.87 ± 12.88 µg/mL) compared to aqueous ethanolic extract (337.48 ± 30.04 µg/mL). The embryo treated with aqueous methanolic extract showed phenotypic defect but not on the aqueous ethanolic extract.

Originality/value

This study suggests that aqueous methanol of MO leaves extract has better antioxidant capacity compared to ethanol, and ethanolic leaf extract is safer (higher LC50 and no teratogenicity) than methanolic extract.

Details

British Food Journal, vol. 122 no. 10
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0007-070X

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 21 October 2022

Antonella Estefania Bergesse, Alexis Rafael Velez, Liliana Cecilia Ryan and Valeria Nepote

The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of subcritical conditions using different water–ethanol mixtures to recover antioxidant compounds from soybean seed coats…

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of subcritical conditions using different water–ethanol mixtures to recover antioxidant compounds from soybean seed coats (SSCs).

Design/methodology/approach

SSCs were subjected to high temperature and pressure conditions, using ethanol–water mixtures as extractive solvent, to obtain phenolic and flavonoid compounds with antioxidant activity. A mathematical model, namely one-site desorption kinetic model, was used to describe the extraction kinetics.

Findings

Temperature, solvent mass flow rate and solvent composition were studied, and the best extraction conditions were defined by a screening design. The maximum concentration of phenolics was obtained at 220 °C, 50% of ethanol and 2.5 g/min of solvent mass flow rate and a high antioxidant capacity toward different techniques was achieved. The one-site desorption kinetic model showed that before 30 min under optimal conditions, more than 90% of phenolics and flavonoids were recovered, a shorter extraction time than the commonly used at normal pressure and room temperature.

Originality/value

The seed coat is a major by-product of soybean processing, and it only markets as a low value ruminant feed. To date, there are no reports on the extract phenolics from SSCs by means of this methodology. The extraction technique described in this study provides a potential alternative for extraction of bioactive compounds from SSCs. This study contributes to adding value to this industrial waste and, ultimately, to optimize the postharvest production chain of soybean grains.

Details

British Food Journal, vol. 125 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0007-070X

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 February 1990

G.M. Wenger, L.A. Guth and D.A. Dickinson

Non‐corrosive rosin fluxes have historically been used for telephone communications assemblies because they provide a measure of reliability even if the flux is not totally…

Abstract

Non‐corrosive rosin fluxes have historically been used for telephone communications assemblies because they provide a measure of reliability even if the flux is not totally removed from the assembly. While cleaning is not always necessary from a reliability standpoint, testing issues, product appearance, operating performance and customer requirements must also be considered when making the decision whether or not to clean. As the electronics industry packages more and more functionality on less and less real estate, soldering yields need to increase in order for the assembly process to remain profitable. This requires not only attention to the product's design for manufacturing but it may also require aggressive fluxes to be used in the assembly process. When aggressive fluxes are employed, the necessity for cleaning is greatly increased. The particular combination of flux and cleaning option depends on product design, process capabilities, end point requirements, and environmental considerations. Pending restrictions on the production and use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and the potential for tighter controls on chlorinated solvents and aqueous detergent effluents, are certain to add to the cost of standard processes. For these reasons alternative cleaning processes have been explored. The evaluation and subsequent use of water soluble flux with ‘water only’ cleaning, terpene cleaning of rosin flux residues, low solids flux ‘no‐clean’ wave soldering and ‘no‐clean’ assembly using reflowed rosin based solder pastes within AT&T are reviewed. A user's assessment of aqueous and semi‐aqueous cleaning is presented which indicates that there are acceptable alternatives to CFCs.

Details

Circuit World, vol. 16 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0305-6120

Article
Publication date: 2 October 2017

Wunwisa Krasaekoopt and Ampapan Jongyin

The purpose of this paper is to encapsulate vanilla extract by using inclusion complex of ß-cyclodextrin and also to investigate the qualities of the encapsulated powder in terms…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to encapsulate vanilla extract by using inclusion complex of ß-cyclodextrin and also to investigate the qualities of the encapsulated powder in terms of vanillin content, moisture content, and stability under accelerated condition.

Design/methodology/approach

A randomized block and factorial 3×3 experimental designs with three replications were used for the studies of solvent extraction, microencapsulation of natural vanilla extract and stability of microencapsulated vanilla powder.

Findings

Ethanol concentration and ratio of vanilla to ethanol had positive effects on vanillin content. The extraction with 55 percent ethanol and the ratio of vanilla pods to ethanol as 1:4 provided the highest vanillin content of 341.23 mg/100 mL of the extract. The amount of vanilla extract and kneading time gave significant (p<0.05) effect on the microencapsulation efficiency (ME). The greatest ME found was 94.50 percent when 9 percent vanilla extract and 10 min of kneading time were used. The interaction of temperature and water activity gave significant effect on the second-order kinetic reaction of encapsulated vanilla powder (p<0.05).The most suitable condition of storage was 35°C with aw of 0.64, providing the kinetic constant (k) of 0.0024, and correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.92 with thalf-life of 4.54 weeks.

Originality/value

This study provides the most suitable condition for natural vanilla extraction and microencapsulation as well as storage stability for natural vanilla powder production using the third grade vanilla pods grown at Royal Project, Khun Wang Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

Details

British Food Journal, vol. 119 no. 10
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0007-070X

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 10 May 2023

Kinshuk Saurabh

The aim of this study is to understand a family firm's choice of related-party transaction (RPT) types and analyze their value impacts to separate the abusive from benign RPTs.

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study is to understand a family firm's choice of related-party transaction (RPT) types and analyze their value impacts to separate the abusive from benign RPTs.

Design/methodology/approach

It uses a 10-year panel of BSE-listed 378 family (and 200 non-family) firms. The fixed effects, logit and difference-in-difference (DID) models help examine value effects, propensity and persistence of harmful RPTs.

Findings

Loans/guarantees (irrespective of counterparties) destroy firm value. Capital asset RPTs decrease the firm value but enhance value when undertaken with holding parties. Operating RPTs increase firm value and profitability. They improve asset utilization and reduce discretionary expenses (especially when made with controlled entities). Family firms have larger loans/guarantees and capital asset volumes but have smaller operating RPTs than non-family firms. They are less likely to undertake loans/guarantees (and even operating RPTs) and more capital RPTs vis-à-vis non-family firms. Family firms persist with dubious loans/guarantees but hold back beneficial operating RPTs, despite RPTs being in investor cross-hairs amid the Satyam scam.

Research limitations/implications

Rent extractability and counterparty incentives supplement each other. (1) The higher extractability of related-party loans and guarantees (RPLGs) dominates the lower extraction incentives of controlled parties. (2) Holding parties' bringing assets, providing a growth engine and adding value dominate their higher extraction incentives (3) The big gains to the operational efficiency come from operating RPTs with controlled parties, generally operating companies in the family house. (4) Dubious RPTs seem more integral to family firms' choices than non-family firms. (5) Counterparty incentives behind the divergent use of RPTs deserve more research attention. Future studies can give more attention to how family characteristics affect divergent motives behind RPTs.

Practical implications

First, the study does not single out family firms for dubious use of all RPTs. Second, investors, auditors or creditors must pay close attention to RPLGs as a special expropriation mechanism. Third, operating RPTs (and capital RPTs with holding parties) benefit family firms. However, solid procedural safeguards are necessary. Overall, results may help clarify the dilemma Indian regulators face in balancing the abusive and business sides of RPTs.

Originality/value

The study fills the gap by arguing why some RPTs may be dubious or benign and then shows how RPTs' misuse depends on counterparty types. It shows operating RPTs enhance operating efficiencies on several dimensions and that benefits may vary with counterparty types. It also presents the first evidence that family firms favor dubious RPTs more and efficient RPTs less than non-family firms.

Details

Asian Review of Accounting, vol. 31 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1321-7348

Keywords

21 – 30 of over 7000