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Article
Publication date: 15 June 2021

Aydin Shishegaran, Behnam Karami, Elham Safari Danalou, Hesam Varaee and Timon Rabczuk

The resistance of steel plate shear walls (SPSW) under explosive loads is evaluated using nonlinear FE analysis and surrogate methods. This study uses the conventional weapons…

Abstract

Purpose

The resistance of steel plate shear walls (SPSW) under explosive loads is evaluated using nonlinear FE analysis and surrogate methods. This study uses the conventional weapons effect program (CONWEP) model for the explosive load and the Johnson-Cook model for the steel plate. Based on the Taguchi method, 25 samples out of 100 samples are selected for a parametric study where we predict the damaged zones and the maximum deflection of SPSWs under explosive loads. Then, this study uses a multiple linear regression (MLR), multiple Ln equation regression (MLnER), gene expression programming (GEP), adaptive network-based fuzzy inference (ANFIS) and an ensemble model to predict the maximum detection of SPSWs. Several statistical parameters and error terms are used to evaluate the accuracy of the different surrogate models. The results show that the cross-section in the y-direction and the plate thickness have the most significant effects on the maximum deflection of SPSWs. The results also show that the maximum deflection is related to the scaled distance, i.e. for a value of 0.383. The ensemble model performs better than all other models for predicting the maximum deflection of SPSWs under explosive loads.

Design/methodology/approach

The SPSW under explosive loads is evaluated using nonlinear FE analysis and surrogate methods. This study uses the CONWEP model for the explosive load and the Johnson-Cook model for the steel plate. Based on the Taguchi method, 25 samples out of 100 samples are selected for a parametric study where we predict the damaged zones and the maximum deflection of SPSWs under explosive loads. Then, this study uses a MLR, MLnER, GEP, ANFIS and an ensemble model to predict the maximum detection of SPSWs. Several statistical parameters and error terms are used to evaluate the accuracy of the different surrogate models. The results show that the cross-section in the y-direction and the plate thickness have the most significant effects on the maximum deflection of SPSWs. The results also show that the maximum deflection is related to the scaled distance, i.e. for a value of 0.383. The ensemble model performs better than all other models for predicting the maximum deflection of SPSWs under explosive loads.

Findings

The resistance of SPSW under explosive loads is evaluated using nonlinear FE analysis and surrogate methods. This study uses the CONWEP model for the explosive load and the Johnson-Cook model for the steel plate. Based on the Taguchi method, 25 samples out of 100 samples are selected for a parametric study where we predict the damaged zones and the maximum deflection of SPSWs under explosive loads. Then, this study uses a MLR, MLnER, GEP, ANFIS and an ensemble model to predict the maximum detection of SPSWs. Several statistical parameters and error terms are used to evaluate the accuracy of the different surrogate models. The results show that the cross-section in the y-direction and the plate thickness have the most significant effects on the maximum deflection of SPSWs. The results also show that the maximum deflection is related to the scaled distance, i.e. for a value of 0.383. The ensemble model performs better than all other models for predicting the maximum deflection of SPSWs under explosive loads.

Originality/value

The resistance of SPSW under explosive loads is evaluated using nonlinear FE analysis and surrogate methods. This study uses the CONWEP model for the explosive load and the Johnson-Cook model for the steel plate. Based on the Taguchi method, 25 samples out of 100 samples are selected for a parametric study where we predict the damaged zones and the maximum deflection of SPSWs under explosive loads. Then, this study uses a MLR, MLnER, GEP, ANFIS and an ensemble model to predict the maximum detection of SPSWs. Several statistical parameters and error terms are used to evaluate the accuracy of the different surrogate models. The results show that the cross-section in the y-direction and the plate thickness have the most significant effects on the maximum deflection of SPSWs. The results also show that the maximum deflection is related to the scaled distance, i.e. for a value of 0.383. The ensemble model performs better than all other models for predicting the maximum deflection of SPSWs under explosive loads.

Details

Engineering Computations, vol. 38 no. 9
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0264-4401

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 15 June 2015

Robert Bogue

– The purpose of this paper is to provide details of recent developments in sensors for detecting explosives and chemical warfare agents.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide details of recent developments in sensors for detecting explosives and chemical warfare agents.

Design/methodology/approach

Following an introduction, this paper first discusses a selection of new sensing techniques aimed at detecting explosives and explosive devices. It then considers new developments in sensors for detecting chemical warfare agents. Brief concluding comments are drawn.

Findings

This paper shows that a diversity of sensor technologies is being investigated, including various advanced optical methods, nanomaterials, microelectromechanical system, electronic noses, biosensors and electrochemical techniques, several of which offer levels of sensitivity in the parts-per-trillion region. These not only have the potential to yield improved devices for detecting explosives and chemical weapons but may also play a role in health care, environmental monitoring, drug detection and industrial health and safety.

Originality/value

In an era of escalating terrorism and military conflicts, this provides a timely review of new technologies for detecting explosives and chemical warfare agents.

Details

Sensor Review, vol. 35 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0260-2288

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 30 January 2018

Saeid Masoumi, Hassan Hajghassem, Alireza Erfanian and Ahmad Molaei Rad

Smart sensors based on graphene field effect transistor (GFET) and biological receptors are regarded as a promising nanomaterial that could be the basis for future generation of…

Abstract

Purpose

Smart sensors based on graphene field effect transistor (GFET) and biological receptors are regarded as a promising nanomaterial that could be the basis for future generation of low-power, faster, selective real-time monitoring of target analytes and smaller electronics. So, the purpose of this paper is to provide details of sensors based on selective nanocoatings by combining trinitrotoluene (TNT) receptors (Trp-His-Trp) bound to conjugated polydiacetylene polymers on a graphene channel in GFET for detecting explosives TNT.

Design/methodology/approach

Following an introduction, this paper describes the way of manufacturing of the GFET sensor by using investigation methods for transferring graphene sheet from Cu foil to target substrates, which is functionalized by the TNT peptide receptors, to offer a system which has the capability of answering the presence of related target molecules (TNT). Finally, brief conclusions are drawn.

Findings

In a word, shortly after graphene discovery, it has been explored with a variety of methods gradually. Because of its exceptional electrical properties (e.g. extremely high carrier mobility and capacity), electrochemical properties such as high electron transfer rate and structural properties, graphene has already showed great potential and success in chemical and biological sensing fields. Therefore, the authors used a biological receptor with a field effect transistor (FET) based on graphene to fabricate sensor for achieving high sensitivity and selectivity that can detect explosive substances such as TNT. The transport property changed compared to that of the FET made by intrinsic graphene, that is, the Dirac point position moved from positive Vg to negative Vg, indicating the transition of graphene from p-type to n-type after annealing in TNT, and the results show the bipolar property change of GFET with the TNT concentration and the possibility to develop a robust, easy-to-use and low-cost TNT detection method for performing a sensitive, reliable and semi-quantitative detection in a wide detection range.

Originality/value

In this timeframe of history, TNT is a common explosive used in both military and industrial settings. Its convenient handling properties and explosive strength make it a common choice in military operations and bioterrorism. TNT and other conventional explosives are the mainstays of terrorist bombs and the anti-personnel mines that kill or injure more than 15,000 people annually in war-torn countries. In large, open-air environments, such as airports, train stations and minefields, concentrations of these explosives can be vanishingly small – a few parts of TNT, for instance, per trillion parts of air. That can make it impossible for conventional bomb and mine detectors to detect the explosives and save lives. So, in this paper, the authors report a potential solution with design and manufacture of a GFET sensor based on a biological receptor for real-time detection of TNT explosives specifically.

Details

Sensor Review, vol. 38 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0260-2288

Keywords

Open Access
Article
Publication date: 1 March 2022

Vicente Esteve and María A. Prats

This paper aims to analyze the dynamics of the Spanish public debt–gross domestic product ratio during the period 1850–2020.

1508

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to analyze the dynamics of the Spanish public debt–gross domestic product ratio during the period 1850–2020.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses a recent procedure to test for recurrent explosive behavior (Phillips et al., 2011; Phillips et al., 2015a, 2015b) to identify episodes of explosive public debt dynamics and also the episodes of fiscal adjustments over this long period.

Findings

The identified episodes of explosive behavior of public debt coincided with fiscal stress events, whereas fiscal adjustments and changes in economic policies stabilized public finances after periods of explosive dynamics of public debt.

Originality/value

The longer than usual span of the data should allow the authors to obtain some more robust results than in most of previous analyses of long-run sustainability.

Details

Applied Economic Analysis, vol. 31 no. 91
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2632-7627

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 December 1968

B. Crossland, J.D. Williams and V. Shribman

THE possibility of explosive cladding was first recognised in 1957, when it was noted in explosive forming that if a metal die was employed and an excessive charge was used then…

Abstract

THE possibility of explosive cladding was first recognised in 1957, when it was noted in explosive forming that if a metal die was employed and an excessive charge was used then the metal sheet which was being formed became welded to the die. Since that time numerous papers have been published, for instance Davenport and Duvall (Ref. 1), Pearson (Ref. 2), Holtzman and Ruderhausen (Ref. 3), Boes (Ref. 4), and Bahrani and Crossland (Ref. 5) to mention but a few. All the early work was devoted to the application of cladding, and it is only during the last two or three years that the applicability of the process to tube welding, lap welding, welding of tees has been mentioned. At the present time the main potential fields of application are to the cladding of dissimilar metals over large areas and the welding of tubes to tube plates.

Details

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 40 no. 12
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0002-2667

Article
Publication date: 5 January 2022

Hakan Hafizoglu, Huseyin Emrah Konokman, Latif Kesemen and Ali Kursat Atay

This paper aims to investigate the effects of fragment impacts to shaped charge warheads in terms of shaped charge jet formation geometries and penetration performances.

121

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the effects of fragment impacts to shaped charge warheads in terms of shaped charge jet formation geometries and penetration performances.

Design/methodology/approach

In experimental process, a fragment was accelerated to a shaped charge warhead by means of a powder gun to a velocity more than 1,000 m/s, and this impact led to conical damage in the explosive of the warhead. Deformation on the warhead was visualized using X-ray technique to observe holes generated during fragment impact. Penetration test was performed against AISI 1040 steel plates with the damaged shaped charge warhead. Penetration performance of shaped charge jet, which deviated from the symmetry axis, was simulated by using SPEED software with 3-D Eulerian method to validate the numerical modelling method by comparing penetration test and simulation results of damaged warhead.

Findings

Simulation and test results showed good correlation for the warhead in terms of penetration depth and hole geometry at the impact surface of steel plates. In addition, the effects of the numbers and the geometries of fragment holes on shaped charge jet penetration performances were investigated with validated numerical methods. Simulation results showed that the increase in the number of fragment holes in the explosive of the warhead led to particulation of shaped charge jet that diminished penetration depth in the target plate. Additionally, simulation results also showed that the fragment hole geometry in the explosive after different fragment impact angles affected the amount of jet deviation from the symmetry axis as well as penetration depth in the target plate.

Practical implications

The results obtained from the current study revealed that fragment impact angle and different number of fragment impact reduced the penetration performance of shaped charge warhead by influencing the symmetry of shaped charge jet negatively.

Originality/value

The current study fulfils the need to investigate how fragment impact on the shaped charge warhead affect the formation symmetry of shaped charge jet as well as penetration performance by experimental and numerical methods. Penetration performance result of asymmetric jet is compared by experimental and numerical studies. A detailed methodology on numerically modelling of the effect of fragment impact angle and number of fragment impact on shaped charge jet performance is given in this study.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. 20 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 25 January 2011

Robert Bogue

This paper aims to provide a review of the uses of gas sensors to detect explosives' vapours and chemical warfare agents (CWAs).

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to provide a review of the uses of gas sensors to detect explosives' vapours and chemical warfare agents (CWAs).

Design/methodology/approach

Following a brief introduction, this paper first considers the use of gas sensors to detect explosives. Second, gas sensors that respond to CWAs are discussed. Some mentioned is made of commercial devices but the emphasis is on emerging technologies and recent research.

Findings

Detecting explosives is an emerging application for gas sensors. Despite some commercial products, it is the topic of a major research effort and poses a significant technological challenge due to the very low vapour concentrations involved. Many optical and solid‐state techniques are under development and some have shown ppt levels of resolution to TNT and allied compounds. Detecting CWAs is a far more mature application and many products exist, often based on analytical methods. Nevertheless, research into improved sensing techniques continues, frequently aimed at detecting ppb concentrations of nerve agents. Much of this research is aimed at meeting the needs of, and is being funded by, the US military and security agencies.

Originality/value

This paper provides a technical review of recent developments in the use of gas sensors to detect explosives and CWAs.

Details

Sensor Review, vol. 31 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0260-2288

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 May 1939

Otto Butter

THE most common joining medium in aircraft construction, ship construction, coachwork, steelwork and the construction of reservoirs generally is the rivet. As, by this means, the…

Abstract

THE most common joining medium in aircraft construction, ship construction, coachwork, steelwork and the construction of reservoirs generally is the rivet. As, by this means, the shear stresses are transmitted in the simplest and safest way rivets are used in very large quantities. If we reflect that, in an aeroplane of medium size, there are some 300,000 rivets, the application of which occupies a considerable space of time, it will be obvious that the cost of building an aircraft is very considerably affected thereby. Their use is expensive, in so far as two men are necessary for the hammering of the rivets and good accessibility must be provided at both sides. Where the closing head side was inaccessible hollow rivets have been used, up to the present, since they could be hammered from the other side, but this method had many disadvantages. The strength of these rivets was small, in view of the hollow shank, and they were unsuitable for water‐tight and countersunk riveting.

Details

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 11 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0002-2667

Article
Publication date: 4 March 2016

Gang Yang, Rangqi Liu, De'an Hu and Xu Han

This paper aims to study the ability of SPH method in simulating shock initiation process. The initiation and subsequent explosion processes of condensed explosive involve high…

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to study the ability of SPH method in simulating shock initiation process. The initiation and subsequent explosion processes of condensed explosive involve high pressure propagation and material large deformation, which increase the simulation difficulty in using traditional mesh-based method. The study aims to take the SPH method as an alternative method to shock initiation simulation.

Design/methodology/approach

The SPH method combined with some correct aspects is applied to simulate the shock initiation process. The condensed explosive is ignited by the impact of high speed flyer. In order to avoid the non-physical penetration between particles of high velocity flyer and condensed explosive, a particle-to-particle contact algorithm is employed. After the ignition, the detonation process of condensed explosive is represented by the ignition and growth model. A modified SPH method based on Riemann-solver is applied to smooth the numerical oscillation at shock front. Two numerical examples are implemented to illustrate the capability of SPH method in shock initiation simulation. One is the interface velocity experiment of PBX-9501. Another is the plate push experiment of PBX-9502. Both of the examples include the shock initiation process of condensed explosive.

Findings

Numerical results show that the shock initiation process of condensed explosive can be well predicted by SPH method. The characteristics of detonation are captured in the simulation. The measured data in numerical examples are also in good agreement with the experimental data.

Research limitations/implications

Because of the research purpose is to study the ability of SPH for shock initiation simulation, only one-dimension numerical examples are discussed in the paper. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to extend and test the proposed method to two or three dimension shock initiation problems simulation.

Originality/value

This paper provides an alternative method for shock initiation simulation. The implemented method can overcome the weaknesses of traditional mesh based method in simulation of shock initiation problems.

Details

Engineering Computations, vol. 33 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0264-4401

Article
Publication date: 1 April 2006

M. Grujicic, B. Pandurangan and B. A. Cheeseman

A nonlinear‐dynamics transient computational analysis of the explosion phenomena associated with detonation of 100g of C4 high‐energy explosive buried at different depths in sand…

Abstract

A nonlinear‐dynamics transient computational analysis of the explosion phenomena associated with detonation of 100g of C4 high‐energy explosive buried at different depths in sand is carried out using the AUTODYN computer program. The results obtained are compared with the corresponding experimental results obtained in Ref. [1]. To validate the computational procedure and the materials constitutive models used in the present work, a number of detonation‐related phenomena such as the temporal evolutions of the shape and size of the over‐burden sand bubbles and of the detonation‐products gas clouds, the temporal evolutions of the side‐on pressures in the sand and in air, etc. are determined and compared with their experimental counterparts. The results obtained suggest that the agreement between the computational and the experimental results is reasonable at short postdetonation times. At longer post‐detonation times, on the other hand, the agreement is less satisfactory primarily with respect to the size and shape of the sand crater, i.e. with respect to the volume of the sand ejected during explosion. It is argued that the observed discrepancy is, at least partly, the result of an inadequacy of the generic materials constitutive model for the sand which does not explicitly include the important effects of the sand particle size and the particle size distribution, as well as the effects of moisture‐level controlled inter‐particle friction and cohesion. It is further shown that by a relatively small adjustment of the present materials model for sand to include the potential effect of moisture on inter‐particle friction can yield a significantly improved agreement between the computed and the experimentally determined sand crater shapes and sizes.

Details

Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures, vol. 2 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1573-6105

Keywords

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