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This chapter reflects on the approach and learning of an innovative project in Bangladesh that addresses drinking water security issues of the poor and marginal communities through participatory research, innovation, and social mobilization. The people, living in the most difficult geophysical areas, are facing severe crisis of drinking water and associated health risks due to remoteness, seasonality, social isolation, and poor institutional links. The geophysical constraints such as growing salinity, arsenic, flood and drought, and drawdown of groundwater tables have aggravated the problems. The existing government services hardly reach to the most unserved and needy people because of remoteness and lack of responsiveness of the government departments. A participatory action research project led to collective understanding about the severity of the problems and associated health risks and vulnerability. This again built greater awareness and motivated the poor, women, and marginal communities to establish links with key actors and take various local and collective actions toward ensuring their greater access to drinking water, sanitation facilities, and health services from the relevant government departments and development agencies.

This paper aims to examine the social interactions between Filipino immigrant-hosts residing in New Zealand and their visiting relatives (VRs) or guests from the Philippines using social exchange theory to understand their experiences.

This qualitative, multi-sited study used in-depth interviews to examine social interactions between Filipino immigrant-host families in New Zealand and their respective visiting relatives from the Philippines.

Hosting VRs reflects aspects of social exchange theory, and the interdependence and familial obligations related to VR travel demonstrate mutual relations of care. Maintaining relations of care within the family is an ongoing process involving intergenerational relationships that bind together immigrant-host families and their VRs.

The conceptualization of the social interactions between immigrants-hosts and VRs is not generalizable owing to the small sample size and lack of representativeness. However, despite a small sample, this qualitative inquiry uncovered a series of personal meanings and understandings attached to the maintenance of familial bonds.

As immigrant-receiving countries become more culturally diverse through migration, research about other cultures will assist tourism planners in understanding the values and actions of a more varied array of residents. A better understanding of travel experiences and interactions between immigrants and their guests may provide marketers with insights into host-guest dynamics within a VR context, thus potentially enabling tourism marketers to create better marketing campaigns.

Future studies may be undertaken from non-Western and Western perspectives that examine the social interactions between hosts and guests in the context of VR travel. Very little research has been conducted that addresses the meanings and understandings attached to these interactions from the perspectives of both hosting and visiting groups. This research highlights the importance of families in tourism, a contrast with the relative blindness of tourism scholarship toward relations of domesticity and sociality.

What separates the social interactions between family members in the context of visiting friends and relatives travel from the traditional host-guest paradigm is that it does not involve strangers. This study uses social exchange theory to examine social interactions between hosts and guests who are familiar with each other.

Institutions of higher education are increasingly facing a myriad of challenges emanating from a fast changing higher educational landscape. One strategy colleges and universities adopt as they pursue their missions in a progressively competitive global environment is to form strategic partnerships with other colleges and universities locally and globally. This chapter examines a partnership, anchored in faculty exchange, between an American metropolitan community college, and a public university in the Republic of Kenya, East Africa. The issues discussed include the rationale for the formation of a partnership between a two-year institution and a doctoral-granting institution in spite of their differing missions, the partnership formalization process, types of activities undertaken in each country, program outcomes, and program management and challenges. The chapter concludes with some recommendations that would be useful to anyone considering starting a cross-border faculty exchange program, especially at an institution where infrastructure for internationalization activities is limited.

Current construction management programmes in higher education institutions provide students with sound technical and management knowledge. However, in the twenty‐first century, construction professionals need to be familiar with the cultural, environmental, and political factors that could affect international projects and know how to work effectively in the global arena. How to face the unique challenges due to rapidly increasing globalisation is the question that concerns construction educators around the world. However, current construction management curricula do not usually provide students with even basic training on international project management. To remedy this defect, globalisation components have been incorporated into construction management education at East Carolina University through lecture exchange, study abroad, student exchange, scholar exchange, and research exchange activities. This paper presents the international activities performed, the outcomes, and student growth in international construction management.

This article examines the issue of prison needle‐exchange programmes (PNEP) based upon the international experience and evidence in six countries. A review of existing literature was undertaken together with original research comprising site visits to prison needle‐exchange programmes in four countries operating such initiatives in October 2002. During the course of the research, prison needle exchange programmes were initiated in two other countries, Kyrgyzstan and Belarus. Site visits were not possible in respect of these two countries, and data was gathered via conversations with staff and funding organisations involved and by the examination of documentary evidence. The paper presents an overview of the PNEP initiated and a commentry on the outcomes. Based upon the evidence emerging from the investigation, the paper concludes that while prison syringe‐exchange programmes have been implemented in diverse environments and under differing circumstances, the results of the programmes have been remarkably consistent. Improved prisoner health and reduction of needle sharing have been achieved. Fears of violence, increased drug consumption, and other negative consequences have not materialised. Based on the evidence and experience, it can be concluded unequivocally that prison needle‐exchange programmes effectively address the health‐related harms associated with needle sharing in prisons and do not undermine institutional safety or security.

Come, Madam But I don't have my shoes on. Come, Madam.

International exchange students have been known for an often-neglected population in tourism research and their intention to revisit the host country has not been explored. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships among international exchange students’ memorable experiences, nostalgia, satisfaction and revisit intention.

Data were collected from students (N = 169) with recent international exchange experience using snowball sampling approach through various online platforms. The hypothesised relationships were tested using the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM).

Results showed that memorable experiences had a positive effect on nostalgia and satisfaction, and nostalgia significantly affected satisfaction. Satisfaction was also found to have a positive effect on revisit intention. In addition, memorable experiences and nostalgia had indirect effects on satisfaction and intention to revisit a host country in the near future.

The findings of this study contribute to the extant literature on international exchange students’ experience and provide tourism marketers with strategies to encourage them to revisit a host country.

我还会回来吗？由高校学生难忘的交换项目经历而激发的故地重游

摘要

国际交换生在旅游研究中是经常被忽视的一个群体, 且他们再访交换国家之意图尚未被探讨。因此, 本研究之目的是研究国际交换生难忘的经历, 怀旧, 满意度和再访意图之间的关系。

本研究的样本以滚雪球抽样的方式在各种网路平台收集有国际交换经验的学生（N = 169）, 且使用偏最小平方-结构方程模型（PLS-SEM）检验了研究模型中的假设关系。

本研究发现, 难忘的经历对怀旧情绪和满意度有正向的影响, 而怀旧会显著影地响满意度, 且满意度对再访意图有正向影响。此外, 难忘的经历和怀旧情绪对满意度以及再访交换国家意图有间接的影响。

此研究结果贡献于现有国际交换生体验的文献, 并为旅游营销人员提供了鼓励他们重新访问交换国家的策略。

¿Volveré? Evocar nostalgia a través de experiencias memorables del programa de intercambio de estudiantes universitarios.

Los estudiantes de intercambio internacional han sido conocidos por una población a menudo descuidada en la investigación turística, y su intención de volver a visitar el país anfitrión no ha sido explorada. En consecuencia, el propósito de este trabajo fue examinar las relaciones entre las experiencias memorables de los estudiantes de intercambio internacional, la nostalgia, la satisfacción y la intención de volver a visitar.

Se recolectaron datos de estudiantes (N = 169) con experiencia de intercambio internacional reciente utilizando el método de muestreo de bola de nieve a través de varias plataformas en línea. Las relaciones hipotéticas se ensayaron utilizando los mínimos cuadrados parciales — modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (PLS-SEM).

Este estudio encontró que las experiencias memorables tuvieron un efecto positivo en la nostalgia y la satisfacción, y la nostalgia afectó significativamente la satisfacción. También se determinó que la satisfacción tenía un efecto positivo en la intención de volver a visitar. Además, las experiencias memorables y la nostalgia tuvieron efectos indirectos en la satisfacción y la intención de volver a visitar un país anfitrión en un futuro próximo.

Los hallazgos de este estudio contribuyen a la literatura existente sobre la experiencia de los estudiantes de intercambio internacional y proporcionan a los vendedores de turismo estrategias para alentarlos a volver a visitar un país anfitrión.

The nature of farm animals in the marginalized group of people is varying hurriedly. Livestock is used to add to cash earnings and increase food security, hence helping as a vital component in the household’s source of revenue strategies, particularly at marginal planter’s level. The present study was conducted to assess the numbers of livestock farmers in the study areas, their livelihood options, the value chain of the farmers in different marketing channels and recommendation for the sustainable value chain of the livestock production cycle.

The study precise the baseline condition of marginal livestock farmers for access to value chain activities in terms of inputs, outputs, support services, production, yield, income and enabling environment to enhance livestock farming in the study area. The study was conducted through stratified random sampling of the context using some research tools like in-depth interviews, household surveys, expert opinions and focus group discussions. Structured questionnaires were developed to address issues, such as current livestock farming practices, access to support services, capacity and income.

The study revealed that this particular context is lagging behind to establish goat value chain activities in the targeted areas. The farmers do not have basic knowledge of goat farming, and the value chain actors are not working properly. The support services are not appropriate to turn the goat farming production to a standard level. Value chain of livestock and livestock products and their goals are essential to develop an idea on learning, investment, market access, sales assurance and quality. Variation in institutional contexts of end markets is linked to different types of coordination and control of enabling environment throughout the chains.

Livestock is an integral component of the complex farming system in Bangladesh as it serves as not only a source of meat protein but also a major source of farm power services as well as employment. Strong private sector alliance along with public–private ventures can bring sustainable agriculture value chain development in these most vulnerable coastal communities in Bangladesh. Strengthening the weak financial structure, reducing power imbalances in the governance structures and low political intervention in community-level organizations, and resolving socio-cultural and environmental concerns are the major concerns on the development of value chains in Bangladesh.

Geographical position and climatic condition of Bangladesh have made her coastal areas one of the highly productive areas for livestock production in the world. The study was conducted through qualitative and quantitative analysis, and after finding the authors recommended for sustainable value chain approach for livestock production to a marketing channel for improving the financial condition and self-employment for the communities.

Generally, school exchanges in foreign countries are not understood as a tourism phenomenon. From the statistical point of view, these stages of visiting student abroad, normally for a period of a week, are clearly defined as tourism. The motivations which lead to undertake an exchange experience are similar to the motives in cultural tourism. Moreover, a stay abroad offers the students an opportunity to learn how to travel. Local tourism offices should attach mire importance to student exchange programs in general and also include them in their marketing planning. The schools offering student exchange programs should put their efforts together by building up networks in order to support mutual interests.