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The purpose of this research is to consider whether market wide herding occurs intraday.

Using the 1995 Christie and Huang and the 2000 Chang et al. models, the paper tests whether market wide and industry sector herding occurs intraday in the Australian equities market.

Neither market wide nor industry sector herding occurs intraday.

Both herding measures focus on one specific type of herding, herding evidenced by changes in the cross‐sectional return distribution. Therefore the herding measures are ill suited to capture the effects of period specific abnormally high or low market returns and they can also capture herding of market participants or groups of market participants only in as far as it manifests itself in security specific returns.

No previous studies have considered the possibility of intraday herding in equities markets. Even if there is little evidence of herding over longer time periods, market frictions and inefficiencies continue to be exploited at least anecdotally by traders with very short time horizons to the detriment of longer term investors.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the investment behavior of Pakistani stock market participants, specifically with respect to their tendency to exhibit herd behavior.

The study employed two different methodologies suggested by Christie and Huang (1995) and Chang et al. (2000) to test herd formation. Results are based on daily and monthly stock of KSE-100 index for the period 2002-2007.

Results based on daily and monthly stock data from Karachi Stock Exchange indicate the non-existence of herd behavior for the period 2002-2007 and find no support for the rational asset pricing model and investor behavior found inefficient. This study denied proved evidence of herding due to market return asymmetry, high and low trading volume states and asymmetric market volatility. Macroeconomic fundamentals have insignificant role in decision-making process of investor therefore has no impact on herding behavior. However, during liquidity crisis of March 2005, Pakistani stock market exhibit herding behavior due to asymmetry of information among investors, presence of speculator and questionable badla financing-local leverage financing mechanism.

In future, this study can be improved by employing stock returns portfolios based on market capitalization or sector wise portfolio returns from KSE-100. Furthermore by identifying those factors that cause market to be overall inefficient and define the pattern of the investor trading activities.

For an accurate valuation of assets investors should incorporate the herding factor.

As the assets are mispriced, investor behavior is uncertain and markets are inefficient, foreign investors should invest with caution, as large numbers of securities are needed to achieve the same level of diversification than in an otherwise normal market.

In Karachi Stock Exchange, it is first attempt to uncover the herding behavior. This paper contribute to the body of knowledge by investigating the herding behavior in the emerging markets since most of the previous study concentrate more on the developed markets. Furthermore, the study also analyzed the herding behavior in different economic condition and includes economic variables and examines asymmetric effect. This study presents an integrated model to test herding behavior in Pakistani equity market. Consideration of said behavioral effect in the decision-making process of investor will make the decisions more rational and optimal.

The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the presence of herding behavior of Indian investors using daily sample data drawn from the Standard and Poor's (S&P) Bombay Stock Exchange-500 Index over the period 2007–2018.

The study employs the model proposed by Chang et al. (2000), taking stock return dispersion as a measure to capture herding. The empirical results demonstrate the absence of herding behavior in all market states, that is, normal, up and down market conditions for the overall period.

Contrastingly, the study found negative herding behavior, which underlines that individuals are taking the decision away from the market consensus. The subperiod analysis corroborates the negative herding behavior. The results remain invariant across large, mid and small-capitalization firms except in one year, that is, 2009 for small firms. While using liquidity and sentiment as variables to examine herding, the study finds some evidence of herding behavior for high market liquidity state and sentiment. The findings of negative herding shed new light on herding behavior in the Indian stock market.

This pattern of behavior may indicate irrationality of investor behavior and the presence of noise traders who mistrust market-wide information. Behavioral factors such as overconfidence may explain this pattern of behavior.

The purpose of this paper is to examine herding in four frontier markets in the Balkan region, namely, Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania and Slovenia, from October 2000 to December 2016.

The author employs Chang et al.’s (2000) cross-sectional dispersion approach to capture herding, while also testing for the global financial crisis’ effects and the European Union (EU)/Euro zone accession effects over herding. Potential asymmetric herding effects conditional on market performance, domestic volatility, German and US investor sentiment are also examined. Finally, the cross-market herding dynamics of the region are also explored.

Overall, Romania exhibits the most extensive evidence of herding across various estimations. The empirical results indicate that cross-market herding dynamics within the region generate stronger herding (compared to the herding observed within each stock market individually), suggesting that Balkan stock exchanges’ growing financial integration leads their herding to be “imported”, rather than domestically motivated.

The findings provide useful insights for regulators in frontier markets, considering the destabilising potential of herding; they are also of particular interest to the investment community for reasons of international asset allocation, diversification and hedging strategies.

This study contributes to the limited herding literature regarding frontier markets and provides novel findings regarding the herding dynamics in the Balkan region, the EU/Euro zone accession’s effect and global factors’ impact on herding estimations.

This paper aims to examine herding behaviour among investors and traders in UK-listed Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) within three market regimes (low, high and extreme volatility periods) from the period June 2004 to April 2016.

Observations of investors in 36 REITs that trade on the London Stock Exchange as at April 2016 were used to analyse herding behaviour among investors and traders of shares of UK REITs, using a Markov regime-switching model.

Although a static herding model rejects the existence of herding in REITs markets, estimates from the regime-switching model reveal substantial evidence of herding behaviour within the low volatility regime. Most interestingly, the authors observed a shift from anti-herding behaviour within the high volatility regime to herding behaviour within the low volatility regime, with this having been caused by the FTSE 100 Volatility Index (UK VIX).

The results have various implications for decisions regarding asset allocation, diversification and value management within UK REITs. Market participants and analysts may consider that collective movements and market sentiment/psychology are determinative factors of risk-return in UK REITs. In addition, general uncertainty in the equity market, proxied by the impact of the UK VIX, may also provide a signal for increasing herding-related risks among UK REITs.

This study aims to analyze the herding behavior in Southeast Asian stock markets. A cross-sectional absolute deviation of the returns approach is used to identify the presence of herding. Individual stocks and market returns were employed on each stock market on a daily basis during the period of January 2008 to December 2014 from five countries selected to obtain the necessary data. The samples observed consisted of stocks having higher liquidity and larger market capitalization for each stock market. The results suggest that there is significant evidence of herding behavior found in Kuala Lumpur and Philippines Stock Exchanges. In addition, there is no evidence of herding behavior in Indonesia, Singapore, and Thailand Stock Exchanges.

The purpose of this paper is to examine financial market integration in major South Asian financial markets: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Also to identify the required policy interactions and structural changes vital for broader economic integration.

This research opted for an empirical study employing co‐integration and causality techniques using a sample of stock and bond market data for major South Asian countries.

Empirical results show that both stock and bond returns are co‐integrated, indicating common stochastic trends. Stock market integration appears to be much stronger compared to the less developed and data deficient bond markets.

The study relies on widely cited empirical methodology. However, adopting alternative specifications and also allowing for time variant factors while examining inter‐linkages between stock and bond markets seem to be appropriate for robustness of results.

Increased integration would help in reducing arbitrage opportunities in these financial markets, having implications for market participants and promoting economic growth through financial deepening, in general. Since the degree of integration is dependent on policy and institutional infrastructure, ongoing efforts to develop financial sectors and reforms would need to be accelerated to further strengthen the degree of convergence between securities markets.

The paper fulfills an identified need to examine financial market integration in the SAARC region, using data for both stock and bond markets. This is the first study to use bond market data for SAARC countries and it also adds to the limited literature of bond market integration.

Asian markets have shown immediate response to the financial crisis in the past and stock returns were affected critically. An attempt is made to study the volatility of stock returns in this paper. The authors studied the impact of global crisis on volatility of stock returns; that can help in better policy selection and implementation in the scenario of financial downturn. Looking at the increase in volume of trades between Asia and the world, Asian markets have gained prime position within global financial industry. Thus, it is essential that more researches are employed for better understanding of Asian Markets.

Impact on volatility of stock market returns of Hong Kong, Japan, China and India during sub-prime crisis and Eurozone debt crisis has been estimated using Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) model. The analysis is done using time series data of daily returns for the period 2005-2011 of the major indices of these countries (Hang Seng, Nikkei 225, Shanghai Composite and Nifty for Hong Kong, Japan, China and India, respectively). These series show non-normality, thick tails and high persistence in volatility and clustering and asymmetric properties.

It has been found that the sub-prime crisis had a positive impact on the volatility of returns of Japan, China and India while it had no impact on the volatility of returns of Hong Kong. In addition, it is interesting to see that the period of Eurozone debt crisis has had a negative impact on the volatility of already highly volatile stock returns of countries such as India and China. However, no impact on volatility of stock market returns in Japan and Hong Kong was observed of the Eurozone crisis. Also the authors noticed volatility clustering, persistence, asymmetry and leverage effects’ in stock returns series of Hong Kong, Japan, China and India.

As far as limitations of the paper are concerned, the economy per say always has a cyclic tendency. This again has scope for distorting the final result and as again the reason given above the authors think that the effect will be minimized. As the paper is using specific statistical methods to verify the model and so the basic limitations of the statistical methods used will apply to the model also.

The results could be used in better understanding of the nature of sub-prime crisis and Eurozone debt crisis and how they impact different stock markets of Asia. Better policies during different scenarios of crisis could be employed by the countries. Furthermore, it can also prove useful in minimizing the impact on Asian markets from economic crisis in future.

The research is first to indicate the relationship between global crisis and sudden changes in variance of stock returns in Asian markets. The paper attempts to fill the gap of research in this area and also suggests the difference in nature of crisis and how they can affect certain countries. Further research could be done in studying suitable policy measures that can be implemented during different kinds of global crisis.

This paper aims to give a brief review on behavioral economics and behavioral finance and discusses some of the previous research on agents' utility functions, applicable risk measures, diversification strategies and portfolio optimization.

The authors also cover related disciplines such as trading rules, contagion and various econometric aspects.

While scholars could first develop theoretical models in behavioral economics and behavioral finance, they subsequently may develop corresponding statistical and econometric models, this finally includes simulation studies to examine whether the estimators or statistics have good power and size. This all helps us to better understand financial and economic decision-making from a descriptive standpoint.

The research paper is original.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on conventional and Islamic stocks by using the data spanning from February 25, 2020, to February 3, 2021, and employing a panel regression approach.

In this study a panel regression approach has been used.

The study finds a negative association between COVID-19 and stock (both Islamic and conventional). After splitting the data into 1st and 2nd waves, the relationship between COVID-19 and stock (both Islamic and conventional) remains the same (negative) in the case of the 1st wave. In contrast, in the case of the 2nd wave, the relationship turned out to be positive. During both waves of the pandemic, the magnitude of the effect is found to be higher for conventional stocks. Additionally, the study also analyzes the aggregate influence of COVID-19 on different sectors and finds that commercial banks, oil and gas exploration and marketing companies are the most influenced sectors. At the same time, automobiles and pharma are the least affected sectors.

The study suggests that markets start gaining momentum to reach their prepandemic level after absorbing the initial shock (emergence of a pandemic). The study also provides thorough insights for market regulators and policymakers by implying the dynamic relations between markets (conventional and Islamic) and financial crisis, which would allow them more effective control of crisis in future endeavors.

This is one of the first studies to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on both conventional and Islamic stocks, especially in the context of Pakistan.