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In terms of countries, renewable energy sources are increasing their importance day by day. The decrease in fossil fuels and the difficulty of accessing the related fuels as well as their expensiveness can be cited as reasons for this situation. This situation obliges countries to make legal arrangements for the production and use of renewable energy sources in their legal systems. In this context, legal arrangements have been made in Turkey regarding the production and use of related energy resources. One of these regulations is the law dated May 10, 2005 and numbered 5346. The relevant law aims to bring electrical energy to the economy in a reliable, economical, and at the same time high quality way by using renewable energy sources. At the same time, the main purposes of enacting the law include increasing the diversity of resources in energy, reducing greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible, evaluating waste, and protecting the environment. At the same time, the law includes sustainable energy sources. It has been defined as nonfossil energy sources such as hydraulic, wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, waves, currents, and tides. In this context, the main purpose of the study is to examine what renewable energy sources are and to reveal the legal nature of energy services by considering the production and use of renewable energy sources in Turkey in the context of Turkish legal legislation.

Energy consumption in transportation accounted for over 29% of total final consumption (TFC) of energy and 65% of global oil usage, and it is highly connected to mobility. Mobility is essential for access to day-to-day activities such as education, leisure, healthcare, business activities, and commercial and industrial operations. This study examines the energy consumption for the transport industry, and the level of renewable energy development in some selected Sub-Saharan African (SSA) nations. This study relied on previous publications of government, reports and articles related to the subject matter. Vehicle ownership is fast increasing, particularly in cities. Still, it begins at a relatively low level because the area is home to countries with the lowest ownership rates worldwide. In its current state, the energy sector faces significant challenges such as inadequate and poorly maintained infrastructure, dealing with increasing traffic congestion in cities, large-scale imports of used vehicles with poor emission standards that affect air quality in cities, a lack of safe and formally operated public transportation systems, and inadequate consideration for women and disabled mobility needs. Motorcycle and tricycle are dominating the rural areas, accounting for a substantial amount of this growth. Aviation is the largest non-road user of energy, and this trend is predicted to continue through 2040 as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grows and urbanisation expands. This study revealed the energy consumption for the transport industry, and the level of renewable energy development in some selected SSA. Rail and navigation lag behind current global levels. The usage of biofuel and rail transport was recommended.

A newly discovered energy source is expected to make a positive contribution to the economic growth of the country. To some extent, it is even thought that this is the underlying difference between developed and developing countries today. However, in history, it is seen that the countries that find new energy sources are not always able to benefit from it. The state mechanism without the necessary financial institutions and absence of dynamic economic and commercial life may lead to the inability to benefit from the newly found energy source. In this study, we will compare two nineteenth-century empires, Ottoman and British, which found coal in their homeland. As history as shown, we argue that the political institutions and the state reflexes are critical when it comes to utilizing a newly found energy source.

Increasing dependence on energy in the world, the energy used in production processes being highly dependent on nonrenewable resources, environmental pollution as a result of these activities, and the depletion of natural resources make the continuity of economic development difficult. Environmental negativities as a result of economic production processes pose a serious threat to the future of humanity. It is a social responsibility to make an environmental management plan for the future by turning to renewable energy sources in line with the understanding of sustainability and to act with a strategic approach. The aim of this study is to determine the attitude of consumers, who are an important stakeholder of the institutional system, toward renewable energy sources. In addition, it is aimed to increase social awareness and awareness about renewable energy in the focus of sustainability understanding. In this context, the attitude of Turkish consumers toward renewable energy has been measured. 346 respondents participated the survey. Based on the findings, there is a statistical significance in terms of renewable energy sources' effects on living things factor according to age variable.

At different points in time, energy harnessed from nuclear technology for commercial purposes has been qualified as atoms for peace, too cheap to meter, unsafe, sustainable, and emission free. We explore how these associations – between nuclear technology (a category used in a descriptive way) and qualities such as emission free (a category used in an evaluative way) – are materially anchored, institutionally performed, socially relevant, and entrepreneurially negotiated. By considering all these factors, our analysis shows that it is possible to understand how and why categories and their meanings continue to change over time. We flesh out the implications of these observations and suggest avenues for future research.

Introduction: Although the concept of energy security has different meanings for each country, it is included in the energy policies of all countries in general. Energy security policies have more strategic importance especially for energy-importing countries. Imported energy sources are widely used in Turkey as in many countries. The variety of imported energy sources and the density of imports according to the imported countries affect the security of imported energy supply. Although the high density of imports is a risk factor, there are political and structural factors that may affect economic relations with the countries where energy is imported.

Aim: The aim of this study is to measure the short-term risk for the import of fossil resources in Turkey for the period 1999–2018.

Method: An index has composed by revising the risky external energy supply index included in the study of Le Coq and Paltseva (2009).

Findings: Empirical findings showed that on average, the most risky source of imports based on fossil resources is oil, followed by natural gas and coal respectively.

Originality of the Study: Various risk factors such as fossil fuel import intensity, political risk, and logistics performance have been taken into consideration in the proposed index. So this index proposed for Turkey, is expected to offer a different perspective to the energy supply security literature.

Implications: The proposed risk index has enabled the measurement of the level of risk in imported fossil sources in Turkey. Thus, policy implications have been made for energy supply security.