Search results

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy value of national street lighting on energy conservation and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission reduction.

Design/Methodology/Approach – The methods used are the measurement of electrical parameters (low voltage network), the national road illumination level with SON lamp specification, 400 W, 180 W, and 110 Lumen/W, the simulation of energy conservation calculation, and the CO₂ emission reduction obtained by utilizing panel solar cells as a source of energy and LED lights for illumination.

Finding – The results show the efficacy of a 100-W light bulb at an altitude of 8 m for the following specification of light bulbs: LED, 130 Lumens/W, SON, 110 Lumen/W, and MBF, 53 Lumen/W gives the illumination level respectively 13,913 Lux, 11,773 Lux, and 5,672 Lux. By replacing the 180 W SON lamp with an LED, 100 W, of energy conservation by 3.171 GW h is obtained, which is equivalent to a CO₂ emission reduction of 3.641 kTon CO₂.

Originality/Value – This study is a continuation of a study of energy conservation with the utilization of solar cells as an electrical power source for an LED bulb that replaces low-voltage networks as a power source for the bulb type SON.

This article traces the regimes of worth that defined energy for centuries as a productive force of human and animal labor, an understanding that transformed in the 18th century to an “industrial-energy” regime of worth supporting an economy of mass production, consumption, and profit and more recently one centered on market forces and price. Industrial and market energy and the conventions and institutions that support them are currently in a period of discursive and material ferment; they are being challenged by different higher order principles of worth. We discuss eight emergent energy justifications that argue what kind of energy is – and is not – in the best interests of society.

Within the field of international relations, global environmental governance is frequently discussed in terms of “international regimes,” defined as “social institutions that consist of agreed upon principles, norms, rules and decision-making procedures, and programs that govern the interaction of actors in specific issue areas” (Young, 1997, pp. 5–6). Viewed from the regime theory perspective, nation-states are seen as territorially bounded entities with a monopoly on the use of (economic or military) force (Agnew, 1999). As a result, they are assumed to have primary authority in matters of global environmental governance. It is nation-states that engage in the negotiation of international treaties (in which the elements of a regime may be formalized), which are then taken home to be either implemented or ignored as the nation-state sees fit. Given that political power is defined by state boundaries within the regime approach, the internal politics of nation-states is considered to be of relatively little import in much of the literature. Aside from some interest in the concept of sovereignty (Litfin, 1998), the notion of transgovernmental coalitions (Risse-Kappen, 1995; Slaughter, 1997), and two-level games (Putnam, 1988), in the main the state remains conceived as a homogenous and unitary actor, a “fixed territorial entity…operating much the same over time and irrespective of its place within the geopolitical order” (Agnew & Corbridge, 1995, p. 78). While a recent focus on knowledge and the role of nonstate actors in international regimes has led to a revision of the nature of interests, politics, and influence, the state remains defined in terms of national government, albeit with potential internal conflicts and the roles of domestic actors noted. Implicitly, regime theory assumes that subnational governments act under the (sole) influence and direction of national government. Critically, the potential role of subnational government is either ignored or subsumed within the nation-state.

Although fossil fuels have been used to produce energy since approximately 1850, emissions resulting from fossil fuel-based energy production are closely associated with the increase in global mean temperature, which, in turn, has affected the climate. As a result of climate change, ecosystems and humans are already experiencing adverse effects such as prolonged heat waves and extreme droughts. A realistic approach to the mitigation of climate change is the deployment of renewable energy sources; that is, naturally replenishing sources such as wind and sun, which can produce infinite energy with significantly lower emissions, compared to fossil fuels. In order to help students understand the intricate relationship between climate change and energy, this chapter presents significant information and provides exercises which help students practice their knowledge and language skills.