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The purpose of this paper is devoted to application of the emulsion polymer of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate) prepared with in situ nano-silica as a novel tanning agent of hide to partly or totally replace chrome salt and to improve physical, thermal and mechanical properties of the tanned leather and to reduce the environmental impact of chrome tanning effluent.

Polymer/nano-silica hybrid emulsions were prepared via in situ seed emulsion polymerisation. The prepared polymers were characterised for solid content, molecular weight, viscosity, drying time, minimum film-forming temperature (MFFT) and microstructures (via transmission electron microscopy). The mechanical, thermal and surface morphological (by scanning electron microscope) properties of the treated samples were also investigated. The influences of the increase in the content of organic nano-silica on the properties of the tanned leather are discussed.

It was found that the viscosity, the particle size and the solid content of the prepared polymers increased as the content of the nano-silica increased while gloss and drying time of the resulting polymer film decreased. Tanning buffalo hide by Polymer F (containing a high content of nano-silica) gave desirable properties in terms of tensile strength, thermal stability and shrinkage temperature.

This paper discusses the preparation and the characterisation of emulsion polymers with in situ nano-silica and their application in tanning process to enhance and improve the leather quality, as well as reduce the use of chrome tanning materials and consequently chrome tanning waste.

The tanned leather showed an improvement of physico-mechanical properties and enhancement of thermal stability. Furthermore, the tanned leather has uniform colour, softness and firmness of grain. All these promising results provide evidence to support the applicability of the prepared co-polymer/nano-silica emulsions as an efficient tanning agent that also provides lubricating properties for leather.

Since May 2015, REACH Annex XVII restricts Cr(VI) in leather articles or leather parts of articles that come into contact with skin to a concentration of less than 3 mg/kg. Cases of discovery of Cr(VI) in leather papers have been reported by the European rapid alert system on dangerous consumer products (RAPEX). The emulsion poly (methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate) with in situ nano-silica that has been developed via the study reported in this paper is one of the better technologies for the reduction of chromium ratio used in tanning industry.

The purpose of this study is to prepare, characterise and evaluate nano-emulsions of ter-polymers of various compositions as eco-friendly binders for flexographic ink industry.

Various nano-emulsions of ter-polymers were prepared based on Vinyl acetate, Vinyl Versatate, butyl acrylate, acrylic acid and acrylamide monomers by means of a conventional seeded emulsion polymerisation technique, using K₂S₂O₈ as the initiator. The characterisation of the prepared emulsions was performed using Fourier transform infrared, thermo-gravimetric analysis, gel permeation chromatography and transmission electron microscopy. A selection of co-polymers and ter-polymers were formulated with pigments and additional ingredients, as water-based flexographic inks. The inks were characterised for their rheological properties, pH, degree of dispersion, water-resistance and colour density.

It was found that the low viscosity of the prepared polymers may reduce the film thickness of the flexographic inks and may also increase the spreading of the ink on the surface. As a result, stable modified poly acrylate-based latex with improved physico-mechanical properties was obtained. The prepared latexes showed improved properties such as enhanced thermal stability and better water resistance. The effect of the emulsifier type on the properties of the resulting emulsion latexes and their corresponding films were investigated. Also, as the hydrophobic monomer increases, so does the colour density and increasing the binder ratio enhances the gloss values. The improving in gloss values were obtained and provide excellent adhesion properties for both the pigment particles and the base paper.

The study focusses on the preparation of new water-based ter-polymer nano-particles and their use as eco-friendly binders for flexographic ink industry. Ink formulations based on other different type emulsion polymers could also be studied to assess the applicability of the ink formulation system found for other binders.

The ink formulations developed could find use in industrial-scale printing.

Eco-friendly environment and low-cost ink formulations for printing on paper substrates are novel.

Self-crosslinked long fluorocarbon acrylate polymer latex has good hydrophobic and oleophobicity, weather resistance, aging resistance, stability and other excellent properties, which make the polymer be widely used in coatings, dyes, adhesives and other products. The purpose of this study is to prepare self-crosslinked long fluorocarbon acrylate polymer latex via semi-continuous seeded emulsion technology and carry out comparative study on two different cross-linked monomers.

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) were used as the main monomers, dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) as the fluoromonomer, hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) and N-methylol acrylamide (NMA) as cross-linked monomers, and 1-allyloxy-3–(4-nonylphenol)-2-propanol polyoxyethylene (10) ether (ANPEO10) and 1-allyloxy-3–(4-nonylphenol)-2-propanol polyoxyethylene (10) ether ammonium sulfate (DNS-86) as compound emulsifiers via the semicontinuous-seeded emulsion polymerization.

The properties of the polymer emulsions, which are prepared with two different cross-linked monomers, are compared and discussed, and it is concluded that HPMA is more suitable for the preparation of self-crosslinked polymer emulsions. The formula of the polymer latex is ANPEO10: DNS-86 = 1:1, and the mass ratio of the monomers used in the polymer is MMA: BA: DFMA: HPMA = 14.40:14.40:0.60:0.60.

Self-crosslinked long fluorocarbon acrylate polymer latex can be used in many fields such as coatings, dyes, adhesives and other products.

The self-crosslinked long fluorocarbon acrylate polymer latex is prepared by mixing the nonionic emulsifier ANPEO10 and the anionic emulsifier DNS-86 when potassium persulfate is used as the thermal decomposition initiator and the semicontinuous-seeded emulsion technology is adopted and the comparative study on two different cross-linked monomer is carried out, which is not reported in the open literatures.

Poly (vinyl acetate)‐based emulsion polymer/isocyanates (EPI) structural wood adhesives were prepared and their performance benchmark tested according to the specifications of the Japanese JAS‐111 standard. The changes of the glass transition temperature of the cured emulsions relative to unmodified poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion, measured using differential scanning calorimetry, indicated the chemical structure changes resulting from modification of poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion. The EPI adhesives showed excellent water resistance and near‐colourless gluelines in wood joints, ease of application and additional significant advantages over other types of wood adhesives. The performance test results are interpreted on the basis of the viscoelastic behaviour of free‐standing adhesive films. Other types of crosslinkers were used in the study to compare with the isocyanate hardeners.

The purpose of this paper is to develop the efficiency of styrene-acrylate (SA) emulsions for polymer cement waterproof coatings with improved bacteria resistance and mechanical properties.

For effective bacteria resistance and excellent mechanical properties, various concentrations of methacryloxyethylhexadecyl dimethylammonium bromide (MHDB) were synthesised and incorporated into SA emulsions. The properties of SA emulsions modified with MHDB were characterised and compared with those of unmodified ones according to the formulations of polymer cement waterproof coatings.

The SA emulsions modified with MHDB exhibited significant enhancement of bacteria resistance and mechanical properties over the unmodified ones. The positive quaternary nitrogen and long-chain alkyl groups of MHDB in SA emulsions could attract phospholipid head groups of bacterial and insert them into the cell wall, which results in biomass leak and bactericidal effect. Moreover, MHDB as a softened monomer was beneficial to the synthesis of SA copolymer with low glass-transition temperature (T_g), then the copolymer and cement would form a more compact film which was the main reason for the enhancement of mechanical properties.

The modifier MHDB was synthesised from diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEAM) and 1-bromohexadecane. Besides, the congeners of MHDB could be synthesised from DEAM and 1-bromododecane, 1-tetradecyl dromide, 1-octadecyl bromide, etc. In addition, the efficiency of other modifications into SA emulsions for antibacterial polymer cement waterproof coatings could be studied as well.

The method provided a practical solution for the improvement of water-based antibacterial acrylate polymer cement waterproof coatings.

The method for enhancing bacteria resistance and mechanical properties of the waterproof coating was novel and valuable.

Modifications of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) can improve the properties and performance of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) emulsions stabilized with these modified colloids. Water resistance and toughness of the emulsions as wood adhesives can be achieved through chemical reactions of the hydroxy groups of the colloid with various modifiers. The chemical changes can be carried out either in the preparation of PVA through hydrolysis of copolymers of vinyl acetate and other monomers, or by the reaction of modifiers with PVA aqueous solutions. The modified PVAc emulsions show better properties than those of the conventional emulsions in performance tests and applications. The modified colloids are becoming increasingly used in the manufacture of PVAc emulsions in the adhesive industry, because of their advantages over emulsions made using conventional (unmodified) PVA. The trend of current research is to introduce more functionality into the colloid, so that the traditional protective colloids can be modified to function as crosslinkers and chain transfer agents.

“Pressure polymers” is a convenient short name for vinyl acetate‐ethylene, and vinyl acetate‐ethylene‐vinyl chloride copolymers; the use of ethylene in particular necessitates operating the polymerisation reaction at appreciable pressures, in some cases up to 200 atm. However, the use of pressure in emulsion polymerisation is not an end in itself, interesting though the chemical and engineering challenge has proved to be: the development has arisen from the search for paint media with the best balance of cost and efficiency. Our first experimental vinyl acetate‐ethylene emulsions were shown at the 1966 OCCA Technical Exhibition; one of these grades has been in use on a limited scale for some years, and is now in bulk production at our Warrington factory, which began operating in October 1974. We subsequently undertook work on copolymers and terpolymers involving vinyl chloride, and bulk production of selected products has now started at Warrington.

Fluorine materials have received the keen attention of many researchers because of their water repellency and low surface free energy. The purpose of this paper is to prepare fluorine-containing soap-free acrylic emulsion, which sodium allyoxypropyl hydroxypropyl sulfonate (COPS-1) and anionic emulsifier sodium a-alkenyl sulfonate (a-AOS) were combined as polymerizable emulsifier, and undecylenic acid (UA) and dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate(DFMA) were introduced as functional monomer.

The fluorinated polyacrylate emulsion was successfully prepared by semi-continuous seed emulsion polymerization, wherein the main monomers were methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl methacrylate (BA), and the initiator was potassium persulfate (KPS). Sodium alloxypropyl sulfonate (COPS-1) and an anionic emulsifier sodium a-alkenyl sulfonate (a-AOS) were compounded as a polymerizable emulsifier. Besides, undecylenic acid (UA) and dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) were introduced as the functional monomers.

The optimum recipe of preparing the modified latex is as follows: the amount of emulsifier was 4%, the ratio of emulsifier (COPS-1: AOS) was 3: 1, and the content of initiator was 0.6%. In this case, the conversion rate of acrylic polymer emulsion was high and the polymerization stability was good. When the amount of monomer UA was 2% and the amount of DFMA was 4%, the overall performance of the emulsion was the best.

The fluorine-containing soap-free acrylic emulsion is prepared via semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerisation, which sodium allyoxypropyl hydroxypropyl sulfonate (COPS-1) and anionic emulsifier sodium a-alkenyl sulfonate (a-AOS) were combined as polymerizable emulsifier, and undecylenic acid (UA) and dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) were introduced as functional monomer. There are two main innovations. One is that the fluorine-containing soap-free acrylic emulsion is prepared successfully. The other is that the undecylenic acid is introduced as functional monomer.

This paper aims to synthesize new terpolymers by the emulsion polymerization technique composed of acrylamide-based polyurethane monomers (TPM and MPM) with different vinyl acetate copolymer systems, such as vinyl acetate/butyl acrylate (VAc/BA), vinyl acetate/ethylhexyl acrylate (VAc/2-EHA) and vinyl acetate/vinyl ester of versatic acid (VAc/VEOVA 10) systems. The performance of the prepared terpolymers as binders in emulsion coatings and textile industries was investigated and compared with the analogous commercial ones.

New waterborne polyurethane-vinyl ester-vinyl acetate terpolymers with high solid content and nano-scale emulsions have been successfully synthesized in two steps. The polyurethane oligomers were prepared by the prepolymer method as the first step. The second step involved polymerization with different vinyl monomers. The synthesized terpolymers were characterized using FTIR, scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, minimum film forming temperature and particle size analyzer methods.

The synthesized emulsion terpolymers have shown small particle sizes averaged of 70 nm and a narrow distribution range, along with good mechanical, thermal and chemical stabilities. The surface coating layers of the terpolymers also have some important in terms of smoothness, clarity and binding ability in water-based coating for up to 4425 scrub cycles at 30 GU. Further, a high potential application textile printing was achieved at high solid content of 47–50%.

The effects of different isocyanates and vinyl monomers on the properties of obtained emulsion coatings have been studied. The improvement consequences of the coating evaluation of the waterborne binders for emulsion paints have been described. The properties of polyester/cotton fabric print pigment printing of textiles appear to be most promising enhancements by using the prepared nanocomposites of PU-co-vinyl acetate-co-vinyl ester as waterborne binders. So that the prepared emulsions have the potential to replace solvent-based coatings as waterborne binders for both emulsion coating and textile printing applications.

It is common practice to classify film forming systems into chemical and physical drying types. The drying of a film former by chemical means results in a film that is either largely or completely insoluble in the original solvent in which it was dissolved. Physical drying of a film former produces a film which may be re‐dissolved in the original solvent. Emulsion polymers do not fit precisely into this scheme, for although physical processes are involved in the film formation, the final film is not soluble in the original medium, i.e. water.