Search results

Nine young people in the hotel and catering industry have been awarded travelling scholarships worth up to £1,500 each by the Hotel and Catering Industry Training Board. This is the second year of the travel scholarship scheme; nine scholarship were awarded for 1978. The scheme is designed to assist young people between the ages of 18 and 25 working in establishments in the hotel and catering industry, and those being educated for employmen in the industry, to travel overseas for further study or work experience; it helps the career opportunities and personal development of young people, benefits the industry as a whole, and demonstrates the industry's commitment to its young people. Neither academic knowledge nor craft skill by themselves decided the awards; particular regard is paid to the way candidates explained how the award would further his or her career in the industry.

Since the early 1970s up to recently Indonesia has shown a remarkable economic development process. As a result, in 1993 the country moved into the lower middle‐income group of countries (as classified by the World Bank). During the 1980s the country's economy had about 6 percent per annum average growth in gross domestic product (GDP) and it increased to about 7 percent a year in 1994 and 1995. In 1994 the country's per capita gross national product (GNP) reached an estimated US$884. It is expected that if Indonesia can sustain its present economic growth of 7 percent per year the country's per capita income would rise to over US$1,000 before the end of this century.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how higher tax on tobacco would influence output and employment in Vietnam.

The authors used micro-simulation techniques proposed by Walbeeck (2010). Both national data (from Input–Output Table) and household data (Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey) were utilized.

The results showed that any increase in the excise tax for tobacco would have positive net impacts on both national output and employment. The tobacco industry would not be significantly affected due to its small contribution to national economy and employment. More importantly, money released from reduced tobacco consumption would be reallocated to other goods and services, and thus outputs and jobs in nontobacco sectors would increase.

The key limitation of this study was due to unavailability of updated data, especially Input–Output Table as well as household living standard survey.

This study concluded that government should increase tax on cigarette along with a well-planned roadmap to avoid unexpected consequences on income and employment of laborers in this sector.

This study replicated a popular approach in order to verify an important government policy (i.e. effect of tax on tobacco on output and employment) under Vietnamese context.

November 10, 1971 Master and Servant — Contract of employment — Repudiation — Employers' invalid notice of termination — Not accepted by employee — Effect on contract — Whether employers restrainable by injunction — Effect of Industrial Relations Act, 1971 (c.72).

The current study investigates the association of employment at older age (60–80 years ) with the cognitive component of subjective well-being (SWB): life satisfaction.

Out of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), the present study’s sample included 58,197 observations of participants aged 60–80 years from 18 countries. The authors estimate the direct effects of employment and number of working hours on life satisfaction while considering the characteristics of the job and their impact.

Results reveal that individuals who do not work enjoy a higher level of life satisfaction and so do those who work in developing jobs. Work under pressure reduces the level of SWB and working in physically demanding jobs has no significant impact on SWB. The results confirm previous findings regarding the positive contribution of self-employment to individuals’ SWB.

The results allow policy makers to implement policy measures that can improve older workers' SWB.

The Swedish Civil Aviation Administration's (CAA) new image Swedish travellers first became acquainted with CAA's new image as it was presented at all 19 airports across the nation in May 1997. Approximately 3,500 employees downed newly designed uniforms, working attire, protective clothing, cleaning clothes and fire‐fighting clothes. These new clothes are part of an effort to promote CAA's new image as a modern, business‐oriented and offensive concern. The new clothes will help to visually manifest CAA's development process and accentuate the continuing process of development in which CAA is engaged. The new image is definitive, classic and quality‐minded. A second reason for the change of apparel is that it is thought that well‐functioning and attractive working clothes will raise employee self‐esteem and work enjoyment.

In this paper we address the question of how telecommunications affect economic growth, by estimating the effect of direct investment in telecommunications infrastructures on aggregate output, employment, and investment in Spain. In contrast with previous studies, the problem is analyzed in a dynamic multivariate framework which allows for explicit consideration of feedbacks among all the variables. We find significant effects of the investment in infrastructures of telecommunications on aggregate output, employment and investment which extend for several years. This might justify a policy for stimulating investment in this sector.

Attempts to establish the extent to which the use of computers in Australia’s Department of Social Security (DSS) has facilitated changes in social security policy and its administration. Bases findings on case studies relating to two new DSS policies, supplemented with documentary evidence. Identifies that computers are used in the DSS for six main purposes ‐ administering, automating, protecting, monitoring and evaluating policy, as well as for modelling future policy options. Identifies that, instead of increasing efficiency in administration, computers have simply increased productivity by enabling administrative practices to be extended into new areas; observes an emerging computer‐dependent culture dominated by quantitative (rather than qualitative) practices. Establishes that the flexibility offered by computer technology has also contributed to the introduction of more complex social security policies. Concludes that computer technology has contributed to the formulation and administration of social security policies.

The aim of this paper is to make sense of the “funding gap” by exploring how and why informal entrepreneurial finance is made available to entrepreneurs. By challenging the epistemological and ontological assumptions of the “funding gap”, an enactment perspective of entrepreneurial finance, supported by a social constructionist stance, is proposed in this paper.

The study on which this paper reports was conducted through a longitudinal fieldwork process. Networks in two Chinese cities, Shanghai and Hong Kong, were chosen because of their differences in institutional context yet exceptionally high level of entrepreneurial activities.

This paper highlights the active role entrepreneurs play in managing their financial needs in the process of new venture creation. The results show that entrepreneurs are actively managing the demand as well as supply of entrepreneurial finance to narrow the “funding gap”. Furthermore, individuals work to fill the funding gap by creating required start‐up capital. In other words, the “funding gap” is not static or concrete; rather it is dynamic, manageable and in many cases is within individuals' power and ability to overcome.

The findings of this paper are particularly important to all stakeholders, including policy makers, educators, researchers, entrepreneurs and nascent entrepreneurs.

This paper contributes to the conceptual, methodological and practical knowledge in advancing understanding of the “funding gap”. First, it provides insight into the relationship between entrepreneurs and their environment that shapes the “funding gap”. Second, the findings suggested that a positive, supportive enterprise culture can be particularly useful in driving individuals towards entrepreneurship. Third, in terms of methodology, the author argues that an “inside‐looking‐lout”, interpretive, multi‐stage fieldwork and network as unit of analysis is particularly distinctive in revealing the complex process of managing entrepreneurial finance in the process of new venture creation.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse nonprofit regulation through comparing and contrasting mutual-benefit and public-benefit entities. It ascertains how these entities differ in size, publicness, tax benefits and whether these differences might suggest regulatory costs should be differentiated.

This mixed-methods study utilises financial data, submissions and interviews.

There are stark differences in these two types of regulated nonprofit entities. Members should be the primary monitoring agency/ies for mutual-benefit entities, but financial reports should be understandable to these members. Nevertheless, the availability of tax concessions, combined with the benefits of limited liability, suggest mutual-benefit entities should be regulated and monitored by government in a way sympathetic to their size.

As with most research, a limitation is this study’s focus on a single jurisdiction.

The differences in these entities’ characteristics are important for designing regulation.

Better regulation is likely to require a standard set of financial reporting standards. Government has the right to demand disclosures due to benefits mutual-benefit entities enjoy.

In comparison to studies utilising only public-benefit data, this study uses unique data sets to compare public-benefit and mutual-benefit entities and presents nonprofit sector participant’s perceptions of these differences in context. This enables analysis of how better regulation could be achieved.