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The purpose of this study is the development of the theoretical fundament of zero-point energy conversion, together with a description of its experimental verification.

The theoretical approach is based on quantum theory, its experimental verification uses a design within electrodynamics.

The new finding is a value for the energy density of the electromagnetic zero-point waves of the quantum vacuum, as far as they can be utilised to operate an energy converter.

The energy density of the zero-point waves defines a principle limitation to the output power of zero-point engines.

The paper demonstrates the fundamental basis for zero-point energy motors at all. Furthermore, it shows how to convert this type of energy into electrical or mechanical energy for practical utilisation in aerospace applications and in many other applications.

The zero-point energy of the quantum vacuum is a new source of energy, which is an important contribution to solve the energy problem. It gives clean energy, inexhaustible, available everywhere at a low price.

The calculation of the energy density of the electromagnetic zero-point waves is new.

1.1. Logical Necessity of the Three Dimensions as a Unit of Thought The mathematician does not look kindly on the simple question of why natural space should consist of precisely three dimensions. Instead of giving an answer he assumes a silent smile and shows us a version of space with an infinity of dimensions, as if space were some kind of toy for him to fiddle with to his heart's content.

The purpose of the paper is the presentation of a new source of energy, the so-called zero point energy (ZPE) of the quantum-vacuum. Same as thermal heat or as ponderable matter have been identified as a type of energy some centuries ago, space is now being identified a type of energy. The advantage of ZPE is its application, because it is an energy source with many practical advantages: clean, friendly to environment and health, extremely low cost, inexhaustible, available everywhere and at all time. It is not expected that this type of energy will be the main source for the future air transport system, which is topic of this special issue. However, if the ZPE technology is developed at a more advanced level, it might contribute as energy source for instance during taxing to a certain level.

ZPE-converting engines can be constructed on the basis of the theory presented here, which is new.

In the next steps, the technology needs to be further studied. For instance more powerful engines on the basis of his theory need to build and investigated, although the applications seem to be almost anywhere, it needs to be found out which applications are the most appropriate in the first step.

ZPE engines exist already, but the theory of ZPE conversion is unique and new in the work presented here. It can be understood on the basis of the finite propagation speed of the interacting fields, similar to retarded potentials of Lienart and Wiechert. The experimental verification of this theory is also presented in the article here.

Nowadays, nano-antennas or nanoscale absorbers made by innovative materials such as carbon nanotubes are gaining more and more interest, because of their outstanding features. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the scattering properties of carbon nanotubes, either isolated or arranged in arrays. The peculiar behaviour of such innovative materials is studied, taking also into account the finite length of the structure and the dependence of the scattering field from the operating temperature.

First a model is presented for the electrical transport along the carbon nanotubes, based on Boltzmann quasi-classical transport theory. The model includes quantistic and inertial phenomena observed in the carbon nanotube electrodynamics. The model also includes the effects of temperature. Using this electrodynamical model, the electromagnetic formulation of the scattering problem is cast in terms of a Pocklington-like equation. The numerical solution is obtained by means of the Galerkin method, with special care in handling the logarithmic singularity of the kernel. Case studies are carried out, either referred to isolated single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and array of SWCNTs.

The scattering properties of SWCNT are strongly influenced by the temperature and by the distance between the tubes. As temperature increases, the amplitude of the resonance peaks decreases, at a rate which is double the rate of changes of temperature. The resonance frequencies are insensitive to temperature. As for the distance between the tubes in an array, it influence the scattering resonance introducing a shift in the resonance frequencies which is appreciable for distances lower than the semi-length of the CNT. For higher distances the CNT scattered field may be regarded as the sum of the fields emitted by each CNT, as if they were isolated.

As far as now only SWCNTs have been studied. The multi-wall carbon nanotubes would show a richer behaviour with temperature, due to the joint effect of reduction of the mean free path and increase of the number of conducting channels, as temperature increases.

Possible use of carbon nanotubes as absorbing material or scatterers.

The model presented here is based on a self-consistent and physically meaningful description of the CNT electrodynamics, which takes rigorously into account the effect of temperature, size and chirality of each CNT.

The per-unit-length earth return mutual impedance of the overhead conductors plays an important role for analyzing electromagnetic transients or couplings of multi-conductor systems. It is impossible to have a closed-form expression to evaluate this kind of impedance. The purpose of this paper is to propose an efficient numerical approach to evaluate the earth return mutual impedance of the overhead conductors above horizontally multi-layered soils.

The expression of the earth return mutual impedance, which contains a complex highly oscillatory semi-infinite integral, is divided into two parts intentionally, i.e. the definite and the tail integral, respectively. The definite integral is calculated using the proposed moment functions after fitting the integrand into the piecewise cubic spline functions, and the tail integral is replaced by exponential integrals with newly developed asymptotic integrands.

The numerical examples show the proposed approach has a satisfactory accuracy for different parameter combinations. Compared to the direct quadrature approach, the computational time of the proposed approach is very competitive, especially, for the large horizontal distance and the low height of the conductors.

The advantage of the proposed approach is that the calculation of the highly oscillatory integral is completely avoided due to the fact that the moment function can be evaluated analytically. The contribution of the tail integral is well included by means of the exponential integral, though in an asymptotic way. The proposed approach is completely general, and can be applied to calculate the earth return mutual impedance of overhead conductors above a soil structure with an arbitrary number of horizontal layers.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate a reliable evaluator of arc re-ignition and to develop a numerical tool for accurate prediction of arc behaviour of low-voltage switching devices (LVSDs) prior to empirical laboratory testing of real products.

Two types of interruption tests have been carried out in the investigation of re-ignition evaluators. Arc modelling tool coupled with the load circuit has been developed to predict arc characteristics based on conventional magnetohydrodynamics theory, with special attention given to Lorentz force acting on the arc column and surface phenomena on the splitter plate. The model assumptions have been validated by experimental observation of arc motion and current and voltage waveforms.

It is found that the exit-voltage across the switching device and the ratio of system to exit-voltage at the current zero point are reliable evaluators for prediction of re-ignition. Where the voltage ratio is positive, instantaneous re-ignition does not occur. Further, the probability of re-ignition is very low if the voltage ratio is in the rage of −1.3 to 0.

It is observed that the voltage ratio can be considered as a reliable global evaluator of re-ignition, which can be used for various types of LVSD test conditions. In addition, it is shown that arc modelling allows a good prediction of the current and voltage waveforms, arc motion as well as the exit-voltage, which can be used to obtain the evaluator of re-ignition.

During the operation of Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), any mechanical disturbance such as stick-slip may cause quenching of superconducting (SC) coils. The friction behavior of MoS₂ lubrication (thin film) for narrow support elements between the SC coils in W7-X is rather important, as there is a design requirement for a coefficient of friction (COF) 0.05 between the sliding surfaces to control the stress contribution (from friction).

The author has carried out intensive calibrations or verifications using verified models considering previous friction tests on various samples which measured the COF in 4.2 K, 77 K and room temperature conditions (at high vacuum) to simulate the actual working condition.

The author has given useful explanations and diagnosis for previous anomalous scattered data. To improve the performance of MoS₂, the author has predicted its better COF (0.002 via tuning of the activation volume), which could be a superlubricating state for MoS₂ thin films considering the long-term operation requirement W7-X.

In this paper, the author has adopted Eyring’s approach to predict the low COF (0.002 via tuning of the activation volume), which could be a superlubricating state for MoS₂ thin films considering the long-term operation requirement W7-X. Finally, some recent progresses about the possible few-layer MoS₂ role in the electromagnetic loads have been provided.

This paper aims to present a 3D numerical analysis of the load noise generation associated with large, oil immersed three‐phase power transformers.

After studying the mechanical behavior of the winding structures of transformers, the results of coupled magneto‐mechanical simulations are presented.

An appropriate modeling strategy of the vibratory winding structures of transformers is necessary to reduce complexity and computational resources.

The presented model setup describes a fully transient, 3D coupled magneto‐mechanical simulation of the vibratory winding structure of large power transformers.

The application of attenuated total reflection (ATR) permits the use of infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of paint films. It utilises the phenomenon of abnormal dispersion close to resonance absorptions. Spectra obtained with the aid of the ATR technique are almost identical to those of the transmission method.

Presents consciousness as not only cognitive awareness in sensory, imaginational, remembered and dream contexts, but also as the awareness in all of us that is not necessarily accessed by or immediately accessible only to the conscious mind. Sees consciousness, because of its primal and pervasive nature, as the Holy Grail of the scientific quest. Provides examples of how it can be misunderstood and exposed to sources of confusion. Discusses the resulting scenarios and considers global re‐assessments, including one of evolutionary theory.