Search results
11 – 20 of 550Mei Hyie Koay, Mohd Adham Akmal Tukiran, Siti Nur Amalina Mohd Halidi, Mardziah Che Murad, Zuraidah Salleh and Hamid Yusoff
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of current density on the surface roughness and corrosion performance of electrodeposited Co–Ni–Fe-coated mild steel. Process…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of current density on the surface roughness and corrosion performance of electrodeposited Co–Ni–Fe-coated mild steel. Process variables are the key factor in controlling the electrodeposition process. It is important to study the processing parameter to optimize the mechanical and corrosion resistance performance of the coating substrate.
Design/methodology/approach
A low-cost electrodeposition method was used to the synthesize Co–Ni–Fe coating on the mild steel substrate. In the electrodeposition, electrochemistry concept was applied. The temperature of the process was controlled at 50 ± 5°C in an acidic environment. The influence of current density (11, 22 and 33 mA/cm2) and deposition time (15, 20 and 30 min) toward the surface roughness, hardness and corrosion rate was investigated.
Findings
The increases of time deposition and current density have improved the microhardness and corrosion resistance of Co–Ni–Fe-coated mild steel. The Co–Ni–Fe nanoparticles deposited at 30 min and current density of 33 mA/cm2 experienced the smallest surface roughness value (Ra). The same sample also obtained the highest Vickers microhardness of 122.6 HV and the lowest corrosion rate. This may be due to the homogenous and complete protection coating performed on the mild steel.
Practical implications
The findings from the study are important for future application of Co–Ni–Fe on the mild steel parts such as fasteners, car body panels, metal chains, wire ropes, engine parts, bicycle rims, nails and screws and various outdoor uses. The improvement of corrosion resistance using optimum electrodeposition parameters is essential for these applications to prolong the life span of the parts.
Originality/value
A new process which pertains to fabrication of Co–Ni–Fe as a protective coating on mild steel was proposed. The Co–Ni–Fe coating can enhance the corrosion protection and thus prolong the lifespan of the mild steel parts.
Details
Keywords
Linxian Ji, Chong Wang, Shouxu Wang, Wei He, Dingjun Xiao and Ze Tan
The purpose of this paper is to optimize experimental parameters and gain further insights into the plating process in the fabrication of high-density interconnections of printed…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to optimize experimental parameters and gain further insights into the plating process in the fabrication of high-density interconnections of printed circuit boards (PCBs) by the rotating disc electrode (RDE) model. Via metallization by copper electrodeposition for interconnection of PCBs has become increasingly important. In this metallization technique, copper is directly filled into the vias using special additives. To investigate electrochemical reaction mechanisms of electrodeposition in aqueous solutions, using experiments on an RDE is common practice.
Design/methodology/approach
An electrochemical model is presented to describe the kinetics of copper electrodeposition on an RDE, which builds a bridge between the theoretical and experimental study for non-uniform copper electrodeposition in PCB manufacturing. Comsol Multiphysics, a multiphysics simulation platform, is invited to modeling flow field and potential distribution based on a two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric physical modeling. The flow pattern in the electrolyte is determined by the 2D Navier–Stokes equations. Primary, secondary and tertiary current distributions are performed by the finite element method of multiphysics coupling.
Findings
The ion concentration gradient near the cathode and the thickness of the diffusion layer under different rotating velocities are achieved by the finite element method of multiphysics coupling. The calculated concentration and boundary layer thicknesses agree well with those from the theoretical Levich equation. The effect of fluid flow on the current distribution over the electrode surface is also investigated in this model. The results reveal the impact of flow parameters on the current density distribution and thickness of plating layer, which are most concerned in the production of PCBs.
Originality/value
By RDE electrochemical model, we build a bridge between the theoretical and experimental study for control of uniformity of plating layer by concentration boundary layer in PCB manufacturing. By means of a multiphysics coupling platform, we can accurately analyze and forecast the characteristic of the entire electrochemical system. These results reveal theoretical connections of current density distribution and plating thickness, with controlled parameters in the plating process to further help us comprehensively understand the mechanism of copper electrodeposition.
Details
Keywords
Water soluble epoxy‐amine adducts were prepared by reacting epoxy resin with diethanolamine in different molar ratios. These adducts were further partially esterified with linseed…
Abstract
Water soluble epoxy‐amine adducts were prepared by reacting epoxy resin with diethanolamine in different molar ratios. These adducts were further partially esterified with linseed oil fatty acids. Aqueous coating compositions for cathodic electrodeposition were prepared from epoxy‐amine adducts and esterified epoxy‐amine adducts separately. Film properties of cathodically electrodeposited coatings were evaluated and studied. It was observed that coatings based on 20% and 30% esterified epoxy‐amine adducts had good overall film properties.
Mortaga Abou-Krisha, Fawzi Assaf, Omar Alduaij, Abdulrahman G Alshammari and Fatma El-Sheref
– The purpose of this study was to compare the electrodeposition behavior and corrosion resistance of ternary and binary alloys.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to compare the electrodeposition behavior and corrosion resistance of ternary and binary alloys.
Design/methodology/approach
Potentiodynamic polarization resistance measurement and anodic linear sweep voltammetry techniques were used for the corrosion study. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the deposits were examined using scanning electron microscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy, respectively. The phase structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. Electrodeposition behavior was carried out using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic techniques.
Findings
It was found that the obtained ternary alloy exhibited better corrosion resistance and a more-preferred surface appearance compared to the binary alloys that were electrodeposited under similar conditions.
Research limitations/implications
The ternary alloy showed better anticorrosion properties compared to binary deposits that were electroplated successfully from the plating baths. The Zn-Co-Fe alloy could be used advantageously in industry because the ternary alloy exhibits the collective properties of the binary alloys in one alloy via the electrodeposition of Zn-Ni-Co alloy.
Social implications
Increasing the corrosion resistance implies to social economic increases.
Originality/value
To date, the electrodeposition of Zn-Co-Fe alloy was studied in only a small number of articles. It was found that the presence of Co or Fe could provide a useful coating on the steel that would reduce its susceptibility to corrosion attack.
Details
Keywords
Vyacheslav Protsenko, Lina Bobrova and Felix Danilov
This paper aims to investigate the electrolytic deposition of corrosion-resistant chromium coatings from a trivalent chromium plating bath based on deep eutectic solvent, a new…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the electrolytic deposition of corrosion-resistant chromium coatings from a trivalent chromium plating bath based on deep eutectic solvent, a new generation of room temperature ionic liquids.
Design/methodology/approach
The electrolyte contained chromium (III) chloride, choline chloride and the additive of extra water. The surface morphology was estimated by means of SEM technique. The microstructure of as-deposited and annealed coatings was studied using X-ray diffraction method. The kinetics of the chromium electrodeposition and the corrosion electrochemical behavior of the coatings were investigated by cyclic voltammetry technique.
Findings
Chromium coatings with an amorphous type of microstructure are electroplated from this bath. Some carbon and oxygen are included in deposits obtained. The step-wise mechanism of the electrochemical reduction of Cr(III) ions to Cr(0) is detected. The current efficiency in this system sufficiently exceeds that typical of usual aqueous electrolytes. The coatings fabricated using plating bath based on deep eutectic solvent showed enhanced corrosion resistance in an acidic medium: there is no current peak of active dissolution in polarization curve and the corrosion potential shifts to more positive values as compared with “usual” chromium.
Originality/value
The electrodeposition of chromium coatings from an environmentally acceptable trivalent chromium electrolyte, a deep eutectic solvent containing chloride choline and extra water additive has been investigated for the first time.
Details
Keywords
S. Chandra and R.K. Gupta
The pigmented water‐soluble methacrylic acid‐ethyl acrylate copolymer modified castor oil alkyd blended with the curing agent, hexamethoxymethyl melamine, was applied by the…
Abstract
The pigmented water‐soluble methacrylic acid‐ethyl acrylate copolymer modified castor oil alkyd blended with the curing agent, hexamethoxymethyl melamine, was applied by the electrodeposition technique. Various bath parameters were optimized through many sets of experiments and finally satisfactory coating films were obtained. The coating films, after proper baking, were evaluated for various performances.
Xiyun Yang, Xitao Duan and Haiwei Yuan
The purpose of this paper is to obtain iron‐enriched Fe‐Ni alloy foil on Ti substrates with good quality from a chloride‐sulfate bath used in a normal DC plating mode. The effects…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to obtain iron‐enriched Fe‐Ni alloy foil on Ti substrates with good quality from a chloride‐sulfate bath used in a normal DC plating mode. The effects of iron content on the hardness, surface morphology and microstructure of the foil were clarified.
Design/methodology/approach
Fe‐Ni alloy foil was prepared by electrodeposition in a chloride‐sulfate based solution. The effects of current density, temperature, stirring rate and sodium propargyl sulfonate concentration on the iron contents of the Fe‐Ni alloy foils were studied. The phase composition and surface morphology with various iron contents were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. Cathodic polarization curves were used to evaluate the role of sodium propargyl sulfonate (PS).
Findings
Nanocrystalline Fe‐Ni alloy foil containing up to 64 wt. percent iron can be obtained from a chloride‐sulfate based solution. The foil converts from a face‐centered cubic (fcc) Fe3Ni2 phase to a mixture of fcc and body‐centered cubic (bcc) Fe7Ni3 with increase in iron content from 55.0 wt. percent to 63.5 wt. percent. AFM studies revealed that the foil had a fine grain structure with a roughness of 30 nm and grain size of 30 nm. With iron increasing to 63.5 wt. percent some islands appeared on the surface. This structure was related to the development of a (200) fiber texture in the BCC phase. Sodium propargyl sulfonate accelerates the discharge of nickel and inhibits the discharge of Fe.
Practical implications
The foil has many industrial applications in the area of memory devices for computers, laser components and precise instruments.
Originality/value
The paper presents a process to produce a foil with iron up to 64 wt. percent from a chloride‐sulfate based solution used in normal DC mode. The dependence of microstructure and surface morphology on iron contents also is presented. Until now, there has been little research or reports on this subject.
Details
Keywords
Z. Abdel Hamid, A.Y. El-Etre and M. Fareed
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the incorporated zirconia (ZrO2) nanoparticles on the performance of the deposited layer Ni–Cu alloy on steel sheet.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the incorporated zirconia (ZrO2) nanoparticles on the performance of the deposited layer Ni–Cu alloy on steel sheet.
Design/methodology/approach
The aim was to produce Ni–Cu–ZrO2 nanocomposite coatings by electrodeposition technique and estimate the influence of ZrO2 nanoparticles on the performance of Ni–Cu alloy. The surface morphologies and chemical compositions of the deposited layers were assessed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, respectively. Nanoindentation was used as a well-advanced technique for measuring microhardness and Young’s modulus values of different coatings. The corrosion resistance in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution of electrodeposited films has been investigated.
Findings
The main conclusion is that the surface morphologies of Ni–Cu–ZrO2 nanocomposite coatings were fine granular compared with Ni–Cu alloy. The corrosion behavior illustrated that the incorporation of ZrO2 nanoparticles with Ni–Cu film improved the corrosion resistance. Significant improvement was also demonstrated in the hardness of nanocomposite coatings.
Social implications
The optimized industrial use of steel-coated Ni–Cu alloy with super properties. Consequently, a social benefit can be associated with the reduction in the corrosion rate and increases the microhardness and Young’s modulus.
Originality/value
The results presented in this work are an insight into understanding the incorporation of ceramic reinforcement with metal or alloy films (matrix) on carbon steel using the electrodeposition technique. The development of corrosion resistance of Ni–Cu alloys has been considered as a promising behavior. In this work, a consistent assessment of the results achieved on laboratory scale has been conducted.
Details
Keywords
Simbarashe Fashu and Rajwali Khan
Thin coatings are of great importance to minimize corrosion attack of steel in different environments. A review of recent work on electrodeposition and corrosion performance of…
Abstract
Purpose
Thin coatings are of great importance to minimize corrosion attack of steel in different environments. A review of recent work on electrodeposition and corrosion performance of Zn-Ni-based alloys for sacrificial corrosion protection of ferrous substrates is presented. The purpose of this study is to provide a systematic comparison of the corrosion resistances of Zn-Ni alloy coatings. The review contains key and outstanding comparisons of references for the period from 2007 to 2017. Binary and ternary Zn-Ni-based alloys were compared and contrasted to provide a good knowledge basis for selection of best coating system to steel substrates.
Design/methodology/approach
This article is a review article.
Findings
Zn-Ni-(X) alloys show great potential for replacing Cd metal in corrosion protection of steel substrates.
Practical implications
The research on plating of binary Zn-Ni alloys from aqueous electrolytes is now well advanced and these alloys show improved corrosion resistance compared to pure Zn. Pulse plated and compositionally modulated multilayer Zn-Ni alloy coatings showed enhanced corrosion properties compared to direct plated Zn-Ni coatings of similar composition.
Originality/value
The work on electrodeposition of Zn-Ni based alloys from ionic liquids is still scarce, yet these liquids show great promise in improving corrosion resistance and reducing coating thickness when compared to aqueous electrolytes. Advanced plating techniques in ionic liquids such as electromagnetic, compositionally modulated multilayer, pulse plating, ternary alloys and composites should be considered as these electrolytes avoid water chemistry and associated defects.
Details
Keywords
Haijing Sun, Jianing Cui, He Wang, Shuai Yang, Souavang Xaikoua, Yong Tan, Xin Zhou, Baojie Wang and Jie Sun
The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of temperature on Zn–Ni alloys in ChCl–Urea.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of temperature on Zn–Ni alloys in ChCl–Urea.
Design/methodology/approach
Based on cyclic voltammetry experiments, the deposition behavior and kinetics of the Zn–Ni alloy are studied. The nucleation process of the Zn–Ni alloy is studied in detail via chronoamperometry experiments. The effects of the deposition temperature on the microstructure, Ni content and phase composition of Zn–Ni alloy coatings are investigated via scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) combined with classical thermodynamics.
Findings
The results show that with increasing temperature, the reduction peak shifts toward a more positive electric potential, which is beneficial for the co-electric deposition process, and the diffusion coefficient is estimated. With increasing temperature, the nucleation process of the Zn–Ni alloy becomes a three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation, the typical kinetic parameters are determined using the standard 3D growth proliferation control model and the Gibbs free energy is estimated. The Zn–Ni alloy coatings are prepared via normal co-deposition. With increasing temperature, the degree of crystallinity increases, the coating gradually becomes uniform and compact and the XRD peak intensity increases.
Originality/value
The nucleation process of the Zn–Ni alloy at different temperatures is analyzed. The diffusion coefficient D and Gibbs free energy are calculated. The contribution of the three processes at different temperatures is analyzed. The effect of temperature on the morphology of the Zn–Ni alloy coatings is studied.
Details