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To present the initial results from a project recently undertaken by Rohm and Haas Electronic Materials Europe Ltd, in collaboration with a number of European partners, to develop individual elements of the traditional PCB manufacturing process towards a sustainable and zero‐discharge alternative.

This paper presents initial results from work aimed at enabling PCB manufacturing to become more sustainable. Novel processes evaluated include special electroplating techniques, advanced oxidation methods to remove organic contaminants, and new ion exchange systems. Work has been carried out to develop these processes into viable demonstrators and the results of progress to date are reported. Descriptions of how these individual technologies may be combined to provide an integrated approach to a more sustainable PCB manufacturing methodology are also given.

Initial results indicate that a more sustainable PCB manufacturing process may be achieved by combining the use of organic and metal capture resins with advanced oxidation and electrochemical recovery technologies.

The value of the paper lies in its provision of information from a project that is integrating available treatment technologies in a novel approach that will take the PCB manufacturing process closer to a zero effluent discharge situation.

Food safety is among the most important topics in the world. According to WHO guidelines, aflatoxins are one of the most hazardous food toxins. Therefore, their detection in food products seems crucial due to health problems. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the different types of biosensors in aflatoxin determination.

Traditional detection methods are time consuming and expensive. As fast and accurate detection is important in monitoring food contaminants, alternative analytical methods would be essential. Biosensors are the intelligent design of sensitive sensors for precise detection of toxins in a short time. Various biosensors are being applied for aflatoxins detection in food products with many advantages over the traditional methods.

Biosensors are cost-effective, stable and have possessed high selectivity, specificity and accuracy in aflatoxins detection. Applying biosensors has been increased recently, so biosensing methods (optical, electrochemical, piezoelectrical, immunosensors, surface plasmon resonance and calorimetric) are discussed along with their advantages in this article.

More efforts should be occurred to detect and decrease the aflatoxins by biosensors, and some traits like accuracy and selectivity would be the purpose of future projects. The combination of various techniques would also help in toxin detection issue in food products, so high efforts in this regard are also required for the upcoming years.

This article also reviews different types of biosensors simultaneously and explains their specificity for aflatoxin determination in different food products and also the future trends and requirements.

To present an update and the latest results from work on a project aimed at enabling printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing to become more sustainable.

Various individual treatment technologies were studied individually under laboratory conditions and then combined into a pilot‐scale demonstrator line that was used to process effluent from a nickel‐gold plating line in a PCB production environment.

The use of these novel processes, including special electroplating techniques, advanced oxidation methods and a new ion exchange system can be combined to give a more sustainable treatment process for effluent emanating from PCB manufacturing. The approach also generates high quality pure water that can be recycled and reused in the manufacturing process.

The combined technology has been demonstrated with a nickel‐gold plating line. Further development work should be undertaken to tailor the technology for other parts of the PCB manufacturing process.

The paper details how individual treatment technologies can be combined to enable a much more sustainable approach to PCB manufacturing which offers the benefits of reduced effluent levels and a source of high purity recycled water.

The purpose of this paper is to identify corrosion types and corrosion transitions by a novel electrochemical noise analysis method based on Adaboost.

The corrosion behavior of Q235 steel was investigated in typical passivation, uniform corrosion and pitting solution by electrochemical noise. Nine feature parameters were extracted from the electrochemical noise data based on statistical analysis and shot noise theory. The feature parameters were analysis by Adaboost to train model and identify corrosion types. The trained Adaboost model was used to identify corrosion type transitions.

Adaboost algorithm can accurately identify the corrosion type, and the accuracy rate is 99.25%. The identification results of Adaboost for the corrosion type are consistent with corroded morphology analysis. Compared with other machine learning, Adaboost can identify corrosion types more accurately. For corrosion type transition, Adaboost can effectively identify the transition from passivation to uniform corrosion and from passivation to pitting corrosion consistent with corroded morphology analysis.

Adaboost is a suitable method for prediction of corrosion type and transitions. Adaboost can establish the classification model of metal corrosion, which can more conveniently and accurately explore the corrosion types. Adaboost provides important reference for corrosion prediction and protection.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential for using chitin and chitosan sustainable materials to absorb copper from PCB manufacturing effluent and to report the results of an initial feasibility study aimed at demonstrating proof of concept.

Crab shells and prawn shells, both waste products of the seafood industry, as well as chitosan, were evaluated as potential absorbents for recovering copper present at low levels in the manufacturing effluent produced in a UK‐based PCB manufacturing facility. Various conditions were investigated and efforts were also made to recover absorbed copper via a regeneration process that enabled the metal to be electroplated from solution.

Although only a short feasibility study, conditions were found that enabled copper to be absorbed by the ground crab shells and chitosan and then subsequently recovered by electrowinning to produce the metal.

Although successful as a feasibility study, the experimental work highlighted the large number of variables that need to be investigated and optimised in order to obtain the most efficient copper capture and recovery. Further work needs to be carried out to determine these optimum conditions and to investigate the potential for recovery of other metals from a wider range of solutions.

The paper details how individual treatment technologies can be combined to enable a much more sustainable approach to PCB manufacturing which offers the benefits of reduced effluent metal levels, metal recovery and a novel use for another sector's waste products.

To study the influence of temperature on the electroplating efficiency of various metals from ionic liquids.

Copper, silver, nickel and tin, in the form of metal chlorides, were dissolved in a number of ionic liquids. After using cyclic voltammetry to establish an optimum current density to electroplate each metal, basic electroplating processes were carried out at varying temperatures onto stainless steel. The mass deposited was used to calculate the efficiency of the process.

It was found that, generally, temperature influences the efficiency of electroplating from ionic solutions. While some solutions showed continuing improvements in plating efficiency as the temperature increased, others exhibited an optimum plating temperature. One solution examined showed the need for a certain temperature to be reached in order to induce the formation of a different metal complex before electroplating was achievable.

The low currents used in the electroplating experiments have a large influence on the errors in the efficiency, especially at lower temperatures.

Consideration of the use of ionic liquids in electroplating for printed circuit board manufacturing is relatively new. Knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of metals in various ionic liquids will allow potential plating solutions to be better understood in terms of their suitability for PCB fabrication.

This review provides an overview of recent advances in electrochemical sensors for analyte detection in saliva, highlighting their potential applications in diagnostics and health care. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the current state of the field, identify challenges and limitations and discuss future prospects for the development of saliva-based electrochemical sensors.

The paper reviews relevant literature and research articles to examine the latest developments in electrochemical sensing technologies for saliva analysis. It explores the use of various electrode materials, including carbon nanomaterial, metal nanoparticles and conducting polymers, as well as the integration of microfluidics, lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices and wearable/implantable technologies. The design and fabrication methodologies used in these sensors are discussed, along with sample preparation techniques and biorecognition elements for enhancing sensor performance.

Electrochemical sensors for salivary analyte detection have demonstrated excellent potential for noninvasive, rapid and cost-effective diagnostics. Recent advancements have resulted in improved sensor selectivity, stability, sensitivity and compatibility with complex saliva samples. Integration with microfluidics and LOC technologies has shown promise in enhancing sensor efficiency and accuracy. In addition, wearable and implantable sensors enable continuous, real-time monitoring of salivary analytes, opening new avenues for personalized health care and disease management.

This review presents an up-to-date overview of electrochemical sensors for analyte detection in saliva, offering insights into their design, fabrication and performance. It highlights the originality and value of integrating electrochemical sensing with microfluidics, wearable/implantable technologies and point-of-care testing platforms. The review also identifies challenges and limitations, such as interference from other saliva components and the need for improved stability and reproducibility. Future prospects include the development of novel microfluidic devices, advanced materials and user-friendly diagnostic devices to unlock the full potential of saliva-based electrochemical sensing in clinical practice.

The disposal of wastewater containing silver is an environmental concern. Due to the toxicity of silver, treatment of such wastewater is necessary. Real wastewater contains a complex matrix of pollutants. The purpose of this paper is to study the adsorption behavior of silver in single and binary systems (with nickel) onto granular activated carbon.

The effect of silver ions concentration and the mass of adsorbent on the adsorption behavior were analyzed. Five two-parameter isotherms (Langmuir, Elovich, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich and Temkin) were applied to investigate the adsorption mechanism. Both linear and nonlinear regressions were tested for the first three isotherms. The experimental data were also fitted to Redlich–Petersons, Sips and Toth models.

A direct relationship between the initial silver ion concentration and its adsorption capacity was observed, whereas an inverse relationship between the adsorbent mass and the adsorption capacity was documented. The Langmuir model was found to best-fit the data indicating monolayer adsorption behavior. The maximum uptake was 2,500 mg/g in the single adsorption system. This value decreased to 909 mg/g in the binary system. The adsorption was found to have an exothermic chemical nature.

The study of the silver adsorption in a single system is inaccurate. Real wastewater contains a complex matrix of pollutants. This research gives a clear insight into the adsorption behavior in binary systems.