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1 – 10 of over 61000Masahiro Inoue and Katsuaki Suganuma
This paper investigates the variations in electrical properties of a typical isotropic conductive adhesive (ICA) made with an epoxy‐based binder that are caused by differences in…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper investigates the variations in electrical properties of a typical isotropic conductive adhesive (ICA) made with an epoxy‐based binder that are caused by differences in the curing conditions.
Design/methodology/approach
In‐situ monitoring of the various processes that were used to cure the ICA revealed that electrical conduction in the ICA specimens depends on both the high‐temperature curing conditions and the conditions during cooling to temperatures below the glass transition temperature (Tg).
Findings
The electrical resistivity of the cured ICA specimens after cooling to ambient temperature decreased with increasing degree of conversion, tending towards a convergence value that decreased with increasing curing temperature. The electrical resistivity of the specimens also varied significantly depending on the subsequent annealing process. However, the electrical resistivity achieved after annealing at temperatures above the curing temperatures clearly depended on the particular curing temperature that was used. The characteristics of the polymer structure in the adhesive binder are considered to be different, depending on the curing temperature, and this affects the electrical properties of the ICA;, i.e. the characteristics of the polymer structure obtained during the curing process affect the electrical resistance of the ICA, even after subsequent annealing processes.
Research limitations/implications
This paper discusses generalities of variation in the electrical properties of ICAs during heating and cooling processes. The variation in behaviour in practice will differ depending on the type of adhesive binder in the ICA.
Originality/value
This paper clarifies how the electrical properties of ICAs evolve during the curing, annealing and cooling processes.
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Olubola Babalola and David Abiodun Adesanya
Electrical services contribute a substantial percentage of total construction cost of any particular project. It is essential for estimators to have a detailed knowledge of the…
Abstract
Purpose
Electrical services contribute a substantial percentage of total construction cost of any particular project. It is essential for estimators to have a detailed knowledge of the factors that affect the incorporation of electrical services cost into the overall building project cost. The overall aim of the study that formed the basis for this paper therefore was to investigate the factors that influence cost estimating of electrical services project.
Design/methodology/approach
The study was carried out based on questionnaire survey of 225 organizations that are involved in cost estimating of electrical services projects in Nigeria. A total of 158 questionnaires out of the 163 retrieved were appropriate for analysis. A list of factors potentially influencing cost estimate for electrical services was identified for the respondents to rate. The data collected were analyzed using factor analysis based on principal component analysis and varimax orthogonal rotation.
Findings
The results shows that the factors affecting production of cost estimate for electrical services could be grouped into four principal factors: the most important factor grouping being estimator competence followed by project technicality, economic requirements and contract requirements.
Practical implications
Many factors are considered by practitioners in the preparation of cost estimate for electrical work in construction project development. The paper has listed about 23 factors that are relevant. However, this paper has shown that four principal factors need to be considered as they explain 64 percent of the factors affect cost estimate production for building project's electrical service works.
Originality/value
Review of literature has shown that there is limited empirical research on the factors influencing cost estimate production for electrical services work. The paper has produced an empirical research on the crucial factors that must be taken into account when producing cost estimate for the electrical service projects.
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Daniel F Jennings and Kevin G Hindle
Zahra and Covin (1995, p. 46) report that “the current interest in corporate entrepreneurship arises from its potential usefulness as a means for renewing established…
Abstract
Zahra and Covin (1995, p. 46) report that “the current interest in corporate entrepreneurship arises from its potential usefulness as a means for renewing established organizations and increasing their ability to compete in their chosen markets.” In addition, a number of researchers support a contention made by Schollhamer (1982, p. 82), that “corporate entrepreneurship is a key element for gaining competitive advantage and consequently greater financial strength” (Covin & Slevin, 1991; Peters & Waterman, 1982; Zahra & Covin, 1995). Interestingly, however, other researchers argue that corporate entrepreneurship can be risky and may be detrimental to a firm’s short-term financial performance (Burgelman & Scales, 1986; Fast, 1981).
The purpose of this study is to create an extended equivalent circuit model for a compound DC motor, consisting completely of electrical parameters and quantities.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to create an extended equivalent circuit model for a compound DC motor, consisting completely of electrical parameters and quantities.
Design/methodology/approach
The dynamic model of the compound DC motor is obtained by establishing the voltage equations for the armature and excitation circuit and the mechanical equation for the mechanical part. The mechanical parameters in the dynamic model are converted into electrical parameters with an electrical circuit proposed for the mechanical part. By combining the armature and excitation circuits with the electrical circuit created for the mechanical part, the extended equivalent circuit model of the compound DC motor is obtained. Because the proposed extended equivalent model is completely an electrical circuit, simulations can be made in the circuit simulation programme. Simulations of the proposed compound DC motor circuit were carried out, and the accuracy of the proposed circuit was verified by performing experimental studies with an existing compound motor.
Findings
When comparing speed and current profiles in experiments and simulations, it is seen that compound DC motor can be modelled with the proposed equivalent circuit including completely electrical elements in a simulation programme for the circuits. The results show that the proposed equivalent circuit satisfies the dynamic model of the compound motor.
Originality/value
In DC machine models, armature and excitation circuits are given as an electrical circuit, and mechanical part of the machine is modelled by only mechanical equations. The originality of this study is converting the dynamic model of an electrical machine consisting of electrical and mechanical equations into a completely electrical circuit. With the proposed method, the dynamic model of many motors can be converted into a completely electrical circuit. In this way, motors can be simulated as an electrical circuit in simulation programmes for the circuits, and the dynamic behaviour of motors can be obtained.
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Basil C. Sunny, Shajulin Benedict and Rajan M.P.
This paper aims to develop an architecture for 3D printers in an Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) controlled automated manufacturing environment. An algorithm is proposed to…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to develop an architecture for 3D printers in an Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) controlled automated manufacturing environment. An algorithm is proposed to estimate the electrical energy consumption of 3D printing jobs, which is used, 3D Printing, Sustainable Manufacturing, Industry 4.0, Electrical Energy Estimation, IIoT to schedule printing jobs on optimal electrical tariff rates.
Design/methodology/approach
An IIoT-enabled architecture with connected pools of 3D printers and an Electrical Energy Estimation System (EEES) are used to estimate the electrical energy requirement of 3D printing jobs. EEES applied the combination of Maximum Likelihood Estimation and a dynamic programming–based algorithm for estimating the electrical energy consumption of 3D printing jobs.
Findings
The proposed algorithm decently estimates the electrical energy required for 3D printing and able to obtain optimal accuracy measures. Experiment results show that the electrical energy usage pattern can be reconstructed with the EEES. It is observed that EEES architecture reduces the peak power demand by scheduling the manufacturing process on low electrical tariff rates.
Practical implications
Proposed algorithm is validated with limited number of experiments.
Originality/value
IIoT with 3D printers in large numbers is the future technology for the automated manufacturing process where controlling, monitoring and analyzing such mass numbers becomes a challenging task. This paper fulfills the need of an architecture for industries to effectively use 3D printers as the main manufacturing tool with the help of IoT. The electrical estimation algorithm helps to schedule manufacturing processes with right electrical tariff.
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Jinyu Li, Hangyu Yan, Yunfeng Ni, Linlin Fu and Yunchu Yang
At present, electrical heating clothing is widely used to keep ourselves warm at low temperature. The purpose of this paper is to explore the heat transfer performance of…
Abstract
Purpose
At present, electrical heating clothing is widely used to keep ourselves warm at low temperature. The purpose of this paper is to explore the heat transfer performance of electrical heating fabric and the thermal comfort of human skin at low temperature.
Design/methodology/approach
The combined model of skin-electrical heating fabric system was established to simulate human skin tissue wearing electrical heating clothing. A series of simulation experiments are designed on the basis of verifying the effectiveness of the combined model. The temperature distribution inside the combined model and on the skin surface under different heating powers is simulated and analyzed. At the same time, the influence of ambient temperature on the thermal performance of electrical heating fabric was explored.
Findings
The skin model with blood vessels reflected the temperature change of human skin wearing electrical heating clothing. The higher the heating power of the electrical heating fabric was, the greater the temperature of the skin surface changed, the faster the temperature rose and the longer the time required to reach the stable state would be. After the heating element was electrified, it had the greatest effect on the average temperature of the epidermis and dermis, had smaller effect on the average temperature of subcutaneous layer and had little effect on the temperature of blood vessels. When the heating power was the same, the higher the ambient temperature was, the more obvious the heating effect of electrical heating fabric was. Electrical heating fabrics with different heating powers were suitable for different ambient temperature ranges.
Originality/value
A reasonable and effective evaluation method for the thermal comfort of electrical heating fabric was provided by establishing the skin model and combined model of the skin-electrical heating fabric system. It provides a reference for the design and application of electrical heating clothing.
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Dubravko Rogale, Igor Petrunić, Zvonko Dragčević and Snježana Firšt Rogale
The equipment for computerised measuring of electrical power and energy is presented, adapted to the needs of investigating processing parameters of garment sewing operations.
Abstract
Purpose
The equipment for computerised measuring of electrical power and energy is presented, adapted to the needs of investigating processing parameters of garment sewing operations.
Design/methodology/approach
The method of measuring the energy necessary to run the sewing‐machine driving electrical motor is also presented, correlated to the stitching speed in joining a straight seam in a single, two, or three, segments. Electrical energy consumption is analysed as dependent on the stitching speed, varying the number of stitches in the seam.
Findings
The investigations described have shown the impact of the method of work applied and the effect of the changes in garment sewing operation in processing parameters on the level of electrical energy consumed by the sewing‐machine drive electrical motor. A new measuring method has been introduced in garment engineering, aimed at predicting electrical energy consumption in garment sewing operations, thus opening a completely new field of investigation in the area of garment technologies.
Originality/value
A method of calculating the energy processing parameters of sewing operations.
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Mei Li, Wen‐Bo Wei, Ming Deng, Wen‐Ju Yuan and Qi‐Sheng Zhang
The aim is to apply pseudo‐random correlation method to detect very weak electrical signals because of various natural and artificial electron‐magnetic interferences in electrical…
Abstract
Purpose
The aim is to apply pseudo‐random correlation method to detect very weak electrical signals because of various natural and artificial electron‐magnetic interferences in electrical prospecting.
Design/methodology/approach
Electrical prospecting is an important method of geophysical exploration and the electrical prospecting instruments are required to detect very weak electrical signals against strong interferences. Recently, pseudo‐random correlation coding has been widely applied in telecommunications and measurement and test systems to improve the signal noise ratio with great success, but has not been used in electric prospecting. This paper theoretically investigated the application model of pseudo‐random correlation techniques in electrical prospecting.
Findings
The model of pseudo‐random correlation techniques in electrical prospecting, including its principle, detailed protocol and parameter selection, is established.
Practical implications
With the continuing improvement in the capacity of electrical prospecting transmitters, the pseudo‐random correlation method will be widely used in electrical prospecting.
Originality/value
The pseudo‐random correlation techniques is originally investigated for its application in electrical prospecting. This paper is aimed at researchers and engineers in geophysical exploration.
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Jan Karthaus, Simon Steentjes, Nora Leuning and Kay Hameyer
The purpose of this paper is to study the variation of the specific iron loss components of electrical steel sheets when applying a tensile mechanical load below the yield…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the variation of the specific iron loss components of electrical steel sheets when applying a tensile mechanical load below the yield strength of the material. The results provide an insight into the iron loss behaviour of the laminated core of electrical machines which are exposed to mechanical stresses of diverse origins.
Design/methodology/approach
The specific iron losses of electrical steel sheets are measured using a standardised single-sheet tester equipped with a hydraulic pressure cylinder which enables application of a force to the specimen under test. Based on the measured data and a semi-physical description of specific iron losses, the stress-dependency of the iron loss components can be studied.
Findings
The results show a dependency of iron loss components on the applied mechanical stress. Especially for the non-linear loss component and high frequencies, a large variation is observed, while the excess loss component is not as sensitive to high mechanical stresses. Besides, it is shown that the stress-dependent iron loss prediction approximates the measured specific iron losses in an adequate way.
Originality/value
New applications such as high-speed traction drives in electric vehicles require a suitable design of the electrical machine. These applications require particular attention to the interaction between mechanical influences and magnetic behaviour of the machine. In this regard, knowledge about the relation between mechanical stress and magnetic properties of soft magnetic material is essential for an exact estimation of the machine’s behaviour.
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Beena Puthillath, Bhasi Marath and Babu Chembakthuparambil Ayappan
This study aims to explore the factors influencing electrical accidents. Here, the authors aim to understand and model the causes of electrical accidents at multiple levels.
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to explore the factors influencing electrical accidents. Here, the authors aim to understand and model the causes of electrical accidents at multiple levels.
Design/methodology/approach
In the study, the authors have tried to put causes of accidents in the electricity distribution segment, in the framework of the Swiss Cheese model. Delphi kind of expert survey was conducted to find the Cheese Slice (level) and the causes (holes) for electrical accidents. Inputs from a hundred experts having more than five years of experience in electrical utility companies have been used to find Cheese Slice and holes, to explain the occurrence of an electrical accident.
Findings
Effective training for safe work practices, safe knowledge and closer supervision would go a long way to plug the holes in the Cheese Slice in human factors. The difference in perception of managers, supervisors and workers on the importance of various causes of electrical accidents are also presented and discussed.
Research limitations/implications
This research is based on expert opinion and survey where respondent perception is reported. Actual accident data has not been used here.
Practical implications
The holes or causes of accidents at different levels (Cheese Slice) have been identified for plugging or removal for better safety.
Social implications
Electrical energy is widely used, and therefore, electrical safety is a social concern and also improving it is a social need.
Originality/value
The study contributes to electrical safety issues in the electrical utility sector.
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