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The purpose of this study is to propose a torque vectoring control system for improving the handling stability of distributed drive electric buses under complicated driving conditions. Energy crisis and environment pollution are two key pressing issues faced by mankind. Pure electric buses are recognized as the effective method to solve the problems. Distributed drive electric buses (DDEBs) as an emerging mode of pure electric buses are attracting intense research interests around the world. Compared with the central driven electric buses, DDEB is able to control the driving and braking torque of each wheel individually and accurately to significantly enhance the handling stability. Therefore, the torque vectoring control (TVC) system is proposed to allocate the driving torque among four wheels reasonably to improve the handling stability of DDEBs.

The proposed TVC system is designed based on hierarchical control. The upper layer is direct yaw moment controller based on feedforward and feedback control. The feedforward control algorithm is designed to calculate the desired steady-state yaw moment based on the steering wheel angle and the longitudinal velocity. The feedback control is anti-windup sliding mode control algorithm, which takes the errors between actual and reference yaw rate as the control variables. The lower layer is torque allocation controller, including economical torque allocation control algorithm and optimal torque allocation control algorithm.

The steady static circular test has been carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and control effort of the proposed TVC system. Compared with the field experiment results of tested bus with TVC system and without TVC system, the slip angle of tested bus with TVC system is much less than without TVC. And the actual yaw rate of tested bus with TVC system is able to track the reference yaw rate completely. The experiment results demonstrate that the TVC system has a remarkable performance in the real practice and improve the handling stability effectively.

In view of the large load transfer, the strong coupling characteristics of tire , the suspension and the steering system during coach corning, the vehicle reference steering characteristics is defined considering vehicle nonlinear characteristics and the feedforward term of torque vectoring control at different steering angles and speeds is designed. Meanwhile, in order to improve the robustness of controller, an anti-integral saturation sliding mode variable structure control algorithm is proposed as the feedback term of torque vectoring control.

Considering the well-known finiteness of resources and particularly in the light of previous concepts to ensure car-based mobility, this paper aims to outline to what extent the cost structure for sustainable mobility is still acceptable in the foreseeable future for the majority of people. The production and use of energy for mobility is a decisive factor for the future development of entire regions. This can be directly derived from the dramatically evolving energy cost in the recent years rooted in an increasing scarcity of known resources.

On the basis of available new technology components, researchers from the University of Magdeburg (Germany) have converted a conventional car into an electric vehicle. Hereby, energy efficiency and sustainability were in the direct focus of the product redesign. Furthermore, a LCC analysis complements the qualitative analysis.

Thus, a driving concept for electric mobility in the urban environment was drawn up which meets the criterion of suitability for everyday use due to an e-conversion. Moreover, the outstanding efficiency of the designed powertrain is demonstrated.

Using the research electric vehicle Editha, the researchers point out which technical options can be inferred from available components for the creation of mobility in the urban environment. However, the source of energy is crucial to assess if the claim for sustainability is fulfilled.

The paper illustrates that a monetary advantage of electric vehicles, such as the prototype Editha, arises after seven years due to disproportional purchase costs.

In this context, the proposed driving concept of the prototype represents a transitional solution from vehicles with central engine to hub wheel electric engines. In addition, Editha is the first roadworthy and suitable for daily use research vehicle using an individual electric motor for each rear wheel without manual gearbox.

The purpose of the paper is to present a complete design example of an interior permanent magnet integrated starter‐alternator (ISA).

After a preliminary design on the basis of an analytical model, finite element simulations are adopted to refine the design of the machine.

The designed ISA drive is able to satisfy all the requirements of modern cars, where the power of the electrical generators is increasing to deliver the on‐board power demand. The drive exhibits high torque, driving start, and a wide constant power speed range driving generation.

The entire system design is considered in the paper, both the electrical machine and the control strategy.

The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the design issues of permanent magnet machines for the hybrid electric and plug‐in electric vehicles, including railway traction and naval propulsion.

Focus is given on both synchronous permanent magnet and reluctance machines. An overview of the design rules are provided, covering the topics of: fractional‐slot windings, fault‐tolerant configurations, flux‐weakening capability, and torque quality.

The peculiarities of these machines and the advanced design considerations to fit the automotive requirements are analyzed.

The paper includes a wide description of innovative electrical machines for electric vehicles, including not only the traction capability, but also analysis of features as weight reduction, torque ripple reduction, increase of fault tolerance, and so on.

An electrical revolution in the automotive sector was decided on at the end of 2008, when the European Parliament passed legislation of lower CO₂ emissions of new cars. This causes and forces the development of alternative concepts of propulsion systems and alternative fuels. These new trends of propulsion technologies such as hybrid and pure electric drive will have an impact on the entire design of cars. The purpose of this paper is to present an evolution of selected fractional horsepower electrical drives used in cars. Analysis of electromechanical components can be divided into two groups: the first one contains the currently used subsystems, e.g. electric power steering system, engine cooling systems, etc.; and the second one presents the development of new components, e.g. electric air‐conditioning compressor and other by‐wire technologies. Additionally, the development and trends of new materials and technologies used in electrical drives for the automotive industry are presented.

Performed analysis based on a review of the literature and the author's own research and experience in the area of electromechanical systems for automotive applications. During motor design, computer numerical simulation method, CAD and experiment were used. The development perspectives in the area of electromechanical systems in automotive area are presented. Additionally, the evolution of fractional horse power electric motors, with the influence of new developments in the area of electric vehicles, are analysed and presented.

The presented analysis shows that a change of technology from brush type motors into brushless is inevitable. Additionally, further miniaturization will be conducted using a higher energy permanent magnet. Furthermore, an increase of efficiency will be achieved by increasing the voltage level from 12 V to 48 V or even higher, e.g. 120 V.

This is the first paper, where, in a comprehensive way, developments of fractional horse power electromechanical systems for electric and hybrid vehicles are presented. The results of this paper can be utilized during the creation of the products' road‐maps in this area.

This chapter is a review and discussion of the experience of becoming an Electric Vehicle (EV) owner, with a focus on the importance of online EV communities on social media platforms in providing informal support to new owners during the transition into EV ownership and use.

Becoming an EV owner represents a significant disruption to drivers’ very established and comfortable driving practices. Electric cars force their owners to re-think long-habitual aspects of the driving experience, including driving behaviour, refuelling (practicalities and etiquette), route planning, and the extent of the car’s ‘sphere of access’.

Because of this disruption, new EV owners regularly encounter challenges, including charging, range, new technology, route planning, etiquette, and more. People often need support to overcome these challenges, and EV owner groups on social media are an important source of such support; new owners can receive advice on a range of issues. This chapter presents data extracted from EV owner social media group posts, analysing the discussions and advice that EV owners offer one another, and exploring the various forms of important support available to new owners/drivers.

This chapter shows how online EV communities are very actively used by EV owners and are of particular importance for new owners. These communities welcome new owners/drivers, offer support and advice, respond to questions, give recommendations, and encourage socialising and a form of group identity/bonding. With EV ownership rapidly increasing in many countries, online EV communities have a very important role to play in helping facilitate the international transition to electric mobility.

The paper suggests a fully digital technique, which may be successfully used for electric drives for road vehicles. The technique is based on the use of a feeding algorithm which allows the drive to electrically satisfy all traction requirements, i.e. forward and reverse speed or braking action. Theoretical considerations are supported by sample results of numerical simulations which confirm the practical suitability of the suggested technique.

Electric vehicles (EVs) require uninterrupted and safe conditions during operations. Therefore, the diagnostic of power devices and electric motor faults are needed to improve the availability of the system. Hence, fault-tolerant control (FTC), which combines switch fault detection, hardware redundancy and post-fault control, is used. This paper aims to propose an accurate open-phase fault detection and FTC of a direct torque control permanent magnet synchronous motor electrical vehicles by using discrete Fourier-transform phase method.

The main idea is to propose detection and identification of open-phase fault (faulty leg) among three phases voltage source invertor (VSI)-fed permanent magnet synchronous motor drives. Once the faulty leg is detected and isolated, a redundant phase leg insertion, shared by a three-phase VSI, is done by using independent bidirectional TRIAC switches to conduct FTC system. This accurate fault detection significantly improves system availability and reliability. The proposed method of open-phase fault detection and identification is based only on stator phase current measurement.

A novel method is proposed with experimental validation for fault detection, isolation and FTC for a three-phase VSI-fed permanent magnet synchronous motor.

The novel discrete Fourier-transform phase method is proposed to detect an open phase based on the measurement in real time of the instantaneous phase of stator current components in the stationary frame. The experimental implementation is carried out on powerful dSpace DS1104 controller board based on the digital signal processor TMS320F240. The validity of the proposed method has been experimentally verified.

This chapter explains how electric driving has been transforming car mobility in The Netherlands since 1990, highlighting the role of a specific Dutch policy mix as direct factor, and the conditions through which this policy mix came about as indirect factors. The analysis is based on triangulation of findings from three methods: (1) discourse analysis of national newspapers and online blogs to understand the changing meanings of car mobility as well as changing stakeholder competences; (2) interview analysis with Dutch stakeholders to understand policy effects as well as their changing competences; and (3) analysis of relevant documents that provide the numbers of vehicles sold, implemented infrastructures and policy instruments. The study describes market changes in terms of ‘reconfiguring’ (entangled) practices of Dutch motorists, vehicle manufacturers and policy-makers, constituted by the (changing) relations between meanings, materialities, competences and policy incentives. The analysis finds a gradual reconfiguration of car mobility in three stages: The hegemony of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) mobility (1990–2008), Surge in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) mobility (2009–2015), and Surge in full-electric mobility (2016–2020). The analysis shows that the specific Dutch policy incentives were critical to orchestrating the co-evolution of ICE-based and electric mobility towards low-carbon alternatives, that is, towards more electrification. The policy mix was adapted in three successive steps, in which inconsistencies towards electric mobility (e-mobility) were solved, entailing three distinct reconfiguration pathways in each period. The relatively strong policy incentives for e-mobility in The Netherlands can be explained by the absence of an established car industry as well as particular air quality challenges in cities (triggering local support for the provision of charging infrastructure). The conclusion includes policy recommendations for countries that seek to promote e-mobility, although further research should clarify how contextual differences require specific elements in the policy mix.

This paper aims to deal with direct torque controller when the five-phase induction motor drive in faulty operation. Precisely, open-phase fault condition is contemplated. Also, the DTC is combined with a speed-adaptive variable-structure observer based on sliding mode observer.

Two novel features are presented. First, the concept of the virtual voltage vector is presented, which eliminates low-frequency harmonic currents and simplifies analysis. Second, speed information is introduced into the selection of the inverter states.

Direct torque control (DTC) is largely used in traditional three-phase drives as a backup to rotor-stator flux-oriented methods. The classic DTC strategy was primarily designed on the base of hysteresis controllers to control two independent variables (speed, torque and flux). Due to the additional degrees of freedom offered by multiphase machine, extensive works have been extended on the ensemble five-phase drives in healthy operation. In addition, the ability to continue the operation in faulty conditions is considering one of the main advantages of multiphase machines. One can find in the literature different approaches treating this subject. The applicability of DTC after the appearing of a fault has not been enclosed in the literature.

Theoretical development is presented in details followed by simulation results using Matlab/Simulink to analyze the performance of the drive, comparing with the behavior during healthy situation.