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This study aims to propose a contactless and continuous dielectrophoretic cell-separation device using quadrupole electric field. To examine the separation performance, numerical simulations of the electric field in the cross-section of the glass capillary installed in the center of the quadrupole electrode were conducted.

To estimate the magnitude of the dielectrophoretic force induced on cells, electrostatic analysis was performed by using a boundary-fitted coordinate system.Distribution of the electric field and gradient of the electric field square in the cross-section of the glass capillary were simulated for various ratios of radii of the glass capillary to the electrode rod.

The distribution of the electric field was found to have a cone-like profile about the center axis of the glass capillary with maximum at the internal surface of the glass capillary. The magnitude of the gradient of electric field square had similar distribution as that of the electric field, but had steeper slope near the internal surface of the glass capillary. The optimal values of the ratio of radii and the applied voltage were also estimated to achieve the local electric field strength suitable for cell separation.

One major advantage of the proposed device is simple and low fabrication cost, in addition to its contactless structure free from cell damage. Derived knowledge is instructive in achieving high-throughput cell separation without the use of devices of complex structure.

Gives introductory remarks about chapter 1 of this group of 31 papers, from ISEF 1999 Proceedings, in the methodologies for field analysis, in the electromagnetic community. Observes that computer package implementation theory contributes to clarification. Discusses the areas covered by some of the papers ‐ such as artificial intelligence using fuzzy logic. Includes applications such as permanent magnets and looks at eddy current problems. States the finite element method is currently the most popular method used for field computation. Closes by pointing out the amalgam of topics.

The case is based on the data collected from various secondary sources only.

Godi India, a lithium-ion cell manufacturing company in India, was working to design e-cell for electric vehicles (EV) which would be compatible with Indian conditions and reduce the cost of battery to the extent possible because e-cell contributes half of the electric vehicle’s price. Godi India was set up in January 2020 by Mahesh Godi. Looking for opportunities in India after having worked in the USA for 17 years, Mahesh found that even with the rise in EV the lithium-ion cell manufacturing in India was almost zero. Using innovation as its main strategy, the start-up started its operation with a team of 30 scientists. The start-up already registered 25 patents under its name with few awaiting. Most of the EV companies relied on Chinese lithium-ion cell. Local lithium-ion cell manufacturing was believed to be the key for EV industry growth in a country. Central government production linked schemes worth INR 18,100 crore were signed by major players like Ola electric, Reliance new energy and Rajesh exports to develop locally manufactured advance cells. The push from the government for locally manufacturing the cells was a major trigger for the rise in the EV industry. The case provides the analysis of the strategies applied by the company to grow in the lithium-ion cell manufacturing industry.

This case can be used in strategic management, entrepreneurship and general management courses/modules at the Undergraduate and Postgraduate level.

The purpose of this paper is to present the implementation of a balanced domain decomposition approach for the numerical simulation of large electro-quasistatic (EQS) systems in biology. The numerical scheme is analyzed and first applications are discussed.

The scheme is based on a finite element discretization of the individual domains obtained by decomposition and a physically consistent inter-domain coupling realized via Robin boundary conditions. The proposed algorithms can efficiently be implemented on a highly parallelized computing grid.

The feasibility and applicability of the method is proven. Further, a couple of technical details are found that increase the efficiency of the method.

The presented method offers an enhanced geometrical flexibility and extensibility to simulate larger cell systems with higher model resolution compared to other methods presented in the literature. The presented analysis provides an understanding of the balanced coupling scheme for large EQS systems.

The purpose of this paper is to simulate in the time domain three‐dimensional electrical, thermal, mechanical coupled contact problems arising in electric resistance welding (ERW) processes.

A three‐dimensional multiphysical numerical model for analyzing contact problems is proposed. Electrical and thermal field equations in bulk domains are discretized with the cell method (CM). Welding resistance at contact interfaces is described locally by synthetic statistic parameters and contacting domains are matched together by a non‐overlapping domain decomposition method. Contact pressure distribution is resolved by a finite‐element procedure. The model is validated with 3D FEM software package.

The semi‐analytical model describing the electric and thermal resistances at contact interfaces can be easily embedded in CM formulations, where problem variables are expressed directly in integral form. Compatibility conditions between contact members are enforced by a domain decomposition approach. System conditioning and computing time are improved by a solution strategy based on the Schur complement method.

The electrical‐thermal analysis is not coupled strongly with the mechanical analysis and contact pressure distribution is assumed to be not depending on thermal stresses, which can be considerable near the contact area where localized joule heating occurs.

Resistance welding processes involve mechanical, electrical, and thermal non‐linear coupled effects that cannot be simulated by standard commercial software packages. The proposed numerical model can be used instead for designing and optimizing ERW processes.

The paper shows that numerical modeling of ERW processes requires a careful prediction of the localized joule heating occurring at the electrode‐material interface. This effect is reconstructed by the proposed approach simulating coupled electrical, thermal, and mechanical effects on different spatial scales.

This paper describes how “pre-market activities” shape the competitive context. Such activities are neglected in both empirical and conceptual studies of strategic management scholars. Thus, pre-market activities have not yet been covered in the concept of the “competitive context.” Pre-market activities let firms collaboratively prepare for industry transition; firms also collaborate in standard-setting and gathering a shared view of future competition. Therefore, pre-market activities also shape next technologies’ business ecosystems where product offerings are systemic in their very nature. The author takes a Hayek–Schumpeterian economic perspective. In other words, markets are taken as the processes of making, integrating, searching, and destructing knowledge. Such a perspective is applied to competence-based theory because competences are built on knowledge in a broad sense.

The purpose of this paper is to describe a numerical inversion technology developed to reconstruct endocardial electric potential maps on the internal surface of heart chambers utilizing intracavitary multi‐electrode catheter measurements. The objective is to perform the reconstruction real time with high accuracy, thereby allowing the incorporation of the technology into medical imaging systems.

Electrode potential points from several beats are merged in order to maximize the information extracted from the catheter measurements. To solve the ill‐posed inverse problem fast, numerically stable solution algorithms based on generalized Tikhonov regularization and bidiagonalization are developed. The latter algorithm also provides an efficient framework for choosing the regularization parameter optimally.

Results of three examples are presented to thoroughly illustrate the performance of the algorithm: one with synthetic data generated in a computational electromagnetics (virtual lab) environment, thereby allowing exact error analysis; another with measured data from a phantom‐bench human heart model where the effect of measurement errors can be investigated in a controlled environment; and a third example that illustrates how the algorithm performs when the catheter data are collected in vivo in a swine heart.

The speed and accuracy in the three examples successfully prove that the inversion technology can be a key component of medical imaging systems.

While some elements of these computational models and techniques presented have been used for decades, the authors achieve speed and accuracy that have not been reported before by combining multi‐beat catheter measurements, the generalized Tikhonov regularization technique, a bidiagonalization algorithm and other top‐notch linear algebra techniques.

This paper aims to address the broad question of how organizations capture value from foresight exercises. Through a comparative case analysis, this paper looks at what firms do to make the information usable and create value. It explores factors that cause different firms to respond differently to the same trends. It analyzes the passenger car segment of the automobile industry and the response of six major firms to fossil fuel and changing environmental regulations through an analysis of their policies and strategic activities, such as new product development. It finds foresight to be an important link between firm capabilities and environmental changes.

This paper adopts the case approach to capture the linkage between the issue and the context (Yin, 1994) and uses multiple cases to explore the variables by comparing and contrasting the cases on key aspects (Eisenhardt and Graebner, 2007). As the paper ' s objective is to understand the similarities and differences between dominant firms in the sector, it chooses through theoretical sampling, six firms that have a presence in all the major regions of the world – two each from the USA, Europe and Japan – Ford, General Motors, Volkswagen, Renault, Toyota and Honda. This sample represents the firms and regions traditionally strong in the passenger car industry.

Thus, it is seen that the relationship that was posited in the conceptual model between the goal of the firms, the vision of the future and the nature of products and approach to technology/competence development seems to be valid. However, in addition, the paper perceives that some additional linkages that link between foresight and the goals and vision of the future seem to be influenced by the extent of uncertainty. In addition, the decisions regarding portfolio of products and approaches to technology and competence development seem to be also influenced by the perception of existing competencies and the external competitive context.

This paper was based on multiple cases created out of secondary information, hence the constructs used are those which are perceived and stated.

The paper could help firms understand decisions related to technology choices in field involving high levels of uncertainty and competition.

This paper could improve learning processes from foresight exercises, and enable strategic decisions to be taken on these.

Thus, this paper has explored the linkages between what firms perceive and state, and what is reflected in their actions. It has looked at this linkage from the perspective of foresight, and the strategic perspective of the firm. It has come up with additional issues and questions that influence this relationship. These can inform future research in this domain.

The case study “Maruti Suzuki – toward cleaner mobility” has been written keeping in view the requirements in the field of strategic management. The key learning objectives are as follows:• Analysis of business environment.• Product development strategy – creating market segment to gain competitive advantage by leveraging available organizational capabilities.• Strategic decision-making – understanding strategic decision-making process in a complex and highly competitive business scenario.

Maruti Suzuki, a leader in Indian automotive market with around 50% market share in passenger cars, was likely to face intense competition because of disruption by electric vehicles. As electric vehicles adoption was increasing globally in developed countries, automotive companies shaped their strategy accordingly to stay relevant. Maruti Suzuki was yet to be ready with electric vehicles and approached this space differently than other competitors. However, with Indian Government pushing toward cleaner mobility, it was yet to be seen how the company would manage to comply with legislations and compete effectively in marketplace. Indian Auto major, Maruti Suzuki, was on the edge to decide future strategy on electric vehicles to sustain its leadership position. The Indian automotive sector was going through the transformation where auto original equipment manufacturers were bringing electric vehicles and supporting policies from government likely to accelerate its adoption. Maruti Suzuki was striving to counter the competition with available resources to create competitive advantage in changing environment and continue to remain profitable with leadership position in Indian automotive market. The company had successfully maintained its leading position over three decades and transformed the automotive space with its strategies ahead of the curve. Now the company was standing at crossroads with regard to future technology on cleaner mobility. Mr Bhargava had to decide whether to throw the hat in EV ring or wait for other alternate technology disruption.

Management studies and executive development programs.

Teaching notes are available for educators only.

CSS 11: Strategy

The paper aims to provide a technical review of new and emerging power sources and their application to sensors.

This is the second part of a two‐part paper. Following a brief introduction, recent developments and research into fuel cell, energy harvesting, microgenerator and wireless power transmission technologies are considered.

All of these technologies are the topic of a major research effort and offer prospects to power future generations of sensors. Several pose strong competition to rechargeable batteties.

The paper provides a detailed insight into new and improved sensor power sources.